Chemical enhancement of soil based footwear impressions on fabric

This study investigates the enhancement of footwear impressions prepared with soils from different locations on a variety of fabric surfaces with different morphology. Preliminary experiments using seventeen techniques were carried out and the best responding reagents were evaluated further. Results indicated that the soils investigated (a cross-section of soils from Scotland) are more likely to respond to reagents that target iron ions rather than calcium, aluminium or phosphorus ions. Furthermore, the concentration of iron and soil pH did not appear to have an effect on the performance of the enhancement techniques. For the techniques tested, colour enhancement was observed on all light coloured substrates while enhancement on dark coloured fabrics, denim and leatherette was limited due to poor contrast with the background. Of the chemical enhancement reagents tested, 2,20-dipyridil was a suitable replacement for the more common enhancement technique using potassium thiocyanate. The main advantages are the use of less toxic and flammable solvents and improved clarity and sharpness of the enhanced impression. The surface morphology of the fabrics did not have a significant effect on the enhancement ability of the reagents apart from a slight tendency for diffusion to occur on less porous fabrics such as polyester and nylon/lycra blends

A comparison of enhancement techniques for footwear impressions on dark and patterned fabrics

The use of chemical enhancement techniques on porous substrates, such as fabrics, poses several challenges predominantly due to the occurrence of background staining and diffusion as well as visualisation difficulties. A range of readily available chemical and lighting techniques were utilised to enhance footwear impressions made in blood, soil and urine on dark and patterned fabrics. Footwear impressions were all prepared at a set force using a specifically built footwear rig. In most cases, results demonstrated that fluorescent chemical techniques were required for visualisation as non-fluorescent techniques provided little or no contrast with the background. Occasionally this contrast was improved by oblique lighting. Successful results were obtained for the enhancement of footwear impressions in blood, however the enhancement of footwear impressions in urine and soil on dark and patterned fabrics was much more limited. The results demonstrate that visualisation and fluorescent enhancement on porous substrates such as fabrics is possible

On non-normality and classification of amplification mechanisms in stability and resolvent analysis

We seek to quantify non-normality of the most amplified resolvent modes and predict their features based on the characteristics of the base or mean velocity profile. A 2-by-2 model linear Navier-Stokes (LNS) operator illustrates how non-normality from mean shear distributes perturbation energy in different velocity components of the forcing and response modes. The inverse of their inner product, which is unity for a purely normal mechanism, is proposed as a measure to quantify non-normality. In flows where there is downstream spatial dependence of the base/mean, mean flow advection separates the spatial support of forcing and response modes which impacts the inner product. Success of mean stability analysis depends on the normality of amplification. If the amplification is normal, the resolvent operator written in its dyadic representation reveals that the adjoint and forward stability modes are proportional to the forcing and response resolvent modes. If the amplification is non-normal, then resolvent analysis is required to understand the origin of observed flow structures. Eigenspectra and pseudospectra are used to characterize these phenomena. Two test cases are studied: low Reynolds number cylinder flow and turbulent channel flow. The first deals mainly with normal mechanisms and quantification of non-normality using the inverse inner product of the leading forcing and response modes agrees well with the product of the resolvent norm and distance between the imaginary axis and least stable eigenvalue. In turbulent channel flow, structures result from both normal and non-normal mechanisms. Mean shear is exploited most efficiently by stationary disturbances while bounds on the pseudospectra illustrate how non-normality is responsible for the most amplified disturbances at spatial wavenumbers and temporal frequencies corresponding to well-known turbulent structures

The Attorney-Client Privilege

History suggests that the attorney-client privilege is the oldest of the evidentiary privileges. It probably arose at common law during the 1500\u27s, concurrent with the right to trial by jury. Judges initially viewed the privilege as a vindication of the oath and the honor of the attorney. However, during the late 1700\u27s, courts began to assert that the privilege\u27s purpose was to encourage clients to make full disclosure to their counsel, by providing subjectively for the client\u27s freedom of apprehension. In 1871, the Virginia Supreme Court5 stated that [i]f the privilege did not exist at all, every one would be thrown upon his own legal resources; deprived of all professional assistance, a man would not venture to consult any skillful person, or would only dare to tell his counsel half his case. Today, courts continue to state that the benefits of full disclosure justify the privilege, and frequently assert that without such full disclosure an attorney may not be able to adequately advise his client

Convergent changes in muscle metabolism depend on duration of high-altitude ancestry across Andean waterfowl

High-altitude environments require that animals meet the metabolic O2 demands for locomotion and thermogenesis in O2-thin air, but the degree to which convergent metabolic changes have arisen across independent high-altitude lineages or the speed at which such changes arise is unclear. We examined seven high-altitude waterfowl that have inhabited the Andes (3812-4806m elevation) over varying evolutionary time scales, to elucidate changes in biochemical pathways of energy metabolism in flight muscle relative to low-altitude sister-taxa. Convergent changes across high-altitude taxa included increased hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, decreased lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, and cytochrome c oxidase activities, and increased myoglobin content. ATP synthase activity increased in only the longest established high-altitude taxa, whereas hexokinase activity increased in only newly established taxa. Therefore, changes in pathways of lipid oxidation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are common strategies to cope with high-altitude hypoxia, but some changes require longer evolutionary time to arise

Emergent stent-graft repair of a massive aortic pseudoaneurysm secondary to Behçet’s disease in a child

An 11-year-old male with vasculitis was found to have a large abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm on diagnostic angiography. This report describes endovascular repair of the pseudoaneurysm by stent-graft exclusion. The existing literature surrounding this rare and potentially fatal condition is also reviewed

Optical one-way quantum computing with a simulated valence-bond solid

One-way quantum computation proceeds by sequentially measuring individual spins (qubits) in an entangled many-spin resource state. It remains a challenge, however, to efficiently produce such resource states. Is it possible to reduce the task of generating these states to simply cooling a quantum many-body system to its ground state? Cluster states, the canonical resource for one-way quantum computing, do not naturally occur as ground states of physical systems. This led to a significant effort to identify alternative resource states that appear as ground states in spin lattices. An appealing candidate is a valence-bond-solid state described by Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb, and Tasaki (AKLT). It is the unique, gapped ground state for a two-body Hamiltonian on a spin-1 chain, and can be used as a resource for one-way quantum computing. Here, we experimentally generate a photonic AKLT state and use it to implement single-qubit quantum logic gates.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 8 tables - added one referenc

Minimal spatial heterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia at diagnosis

Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund “Una manera de hacer Europa” (grant PMP15/00007), and the “la Caixa” Foundation (grant CLLEvolution-HR17-00221). EC is an Academia Researcher of the ‘Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats’ (ICREA) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. FN is supported by a predoctoral fellowship of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BES-2016-076372). FM is supported by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NCI Core Grant (P30 CA 008748).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Consistent changes in muscle metabolism underlie dive performance across multiple lineages of diving ducks

Diving animals must sustain high activity with limited O₂ stores to successfully capture prey. Studies suggest that increasing body O₂ stores supports breath-hold diving, but less is known about metabolic specializations that underlie underwater locomotion. We measured maximal activities of 10 key enzymes in locomotory muscles (gastrocnemius and pectoralis) to identify biochemical changes associated with diving in pathways of oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation and compared them across three groups of ducks—the longest diving sea ducks (eight spp.), the mid-tier diving pochards (three spp.) and the non-diving dabblers (five spp.). Relative to dabblers, both diving groups had increased activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, and sea ducks further showed increases in citrate synthase (CS) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD). Both diving groups had relative decreases in capacity for anaerobic metabolism (lower ratio of lactate dehydrogenase to CS), with sea ducks also showing a greater capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and lipid oxidation (lower ratio of pyruvate kinase to CS, higher ratio of HOAD to hexokinase). These data suggest that the locomotory muscles of diving ducks are specialized for sustaining high rates of aerobic metabolism, emphasizing the importance of body O₂ stores for dive performance in these species