77 research outputs found

    More rapid blood interferon α2 decline in fatal versus surviving COVID-19 patients

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    BackgroundThe clinical outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia is highly variable. Few biological predictive factors have been identified. Genetic and immunological studies suggest that type 1 interferons (IFN) are essential to control SARS-CoV-2 infection.ObjectiveTo study the link between change in blood IFN-α2 level and plasma SARS-Cov2 viral load over time and subsequent death in patients with severe and critical COVID-19.MethodsOne hundred and forty patients from the CORIMUNO-19 cohort hospitalized with severe or critical COVID-19 pneumonia, all requiring oxygen or ventilation, were prospectively studied. Blood IFN-α2 was evaluated using the Single Molecule Array technology. Anti-IFN-α2 auto-Abs were determined with a reporter luciferase activity. Plasma SARS-Cov2 viral load was measured using droplet digital PCR targeting the Nucleocapsid gene of the SARS-CoV-2 positive-strand RNA genome.ResultsAlthough the percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cells was low, the blood IFN-α2 level was higher in patients than in healthy controls and was correlated to SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load at entry. Neutralizing anti-IFN-α2 auto-antibodies were detected in 5% of patients, associated with a lower baseline level of blood IFN-α2. A longitudinal analysis found that a more rapid decline of blood IFN-α2 was observed in fatal versus surviving patients: mortality HR=3.15 (95% CI 1.14–8.66) in rapid versus slow decliners. Likewise, a high level of plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA was associated with death risk in patients with severe COVID-19.ConclusionThese findings could suggest an interest in evaluating type 1 IFN treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 and type 1 IFN decline, eventually combined with anti-inflammatory drugs.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov, identifiers NCT04324073, NCT04331808, NCT04341584

    Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6 and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies

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    Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 lineages has led to the emergence of several new subvariants, including BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6. and BQ.1.1. The subvariants BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1 are expected to become predominant in many countries in November 2022. They carry an additional and often redundant set of mutations in the spike, likely responsible for increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we established a viral amplification procedure to easily isolate Omicron strains. We examined their sensitivity to 6 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to 72 sera from Pfizer BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals, with or without BA.1/BA.2 or BA.5 breakthrough infection. Ronapreve (Casirivimab and Imdevimab) and Evusheld (Cilgavimab and Tixagevimab) lost any antiviral efficacy against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, whereas Xevudy (Sotrovimab) remained weakly active. BQ.1.1 was also resistant to Bebtelovimab. Neutralizing titers in triply vaccinated individuals were low to undetectable against BQ.1.1 and BA.2.75.2, 4 months after boosting. A BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection increased these titers, which remained about 18-fold lower against BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1, than against BA.1. Reciprocally, a BA.5 breakthrough infection increased more efficiently neutralization against BA.5 and BQ.1.1 than against BA.2.75.2. Thus, the evolution trajectory of novel Omicron subvariants facilitated their spread in immunized populations and raises concerns about the efficacy of most currently available mAbs.N

    Comparaison des propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptotiques de quatre protĂ©ines du virus de la vaccine en isolement et au cours de l’infection virale.

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    Apoptosis, which occurs following activation of effector caspases, can restrict the replication of intracellular pathogens, especially viruses. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large dsDNA virus encoding approximately 200 proteins, several of which inhibit apoptosis. This redundancy of viral anti-apoptotic proteins complicates the study of these proteins in the context of viral infection. Here a comparative study of the anti-apoptotic proteins B13, F1, GAAP and N1 with and without virus infection is presented. Firstly, using lentiviral constructs, we generated transduced cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in isolation and we analysed their ability to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis induced by different drugs. In that context B13 was the most potent inhibitor of intrinsic apoptosis and the only protein to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. We then used a deficient VACV strain, vv811, that lacks the genes coding for the four anti-apoptotic proteins. Infection with vv811 can induce apoptosis without the need for any other stimulus. After vv811 infection of cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in trans, B13 and to a lesser extent F1, inhibited apoptosis. Finally, we introduced each gene separately into vv811 by genetic recombination. Using these recombinant viruses to induce apoptosis, B13 and F1 were very potent inhibitors. The protection conferred by GAAP was cell type dependant and N1 failed to protect any of the tested cells from the virus induced apoptosis. Using these different approaches, we have been able to overcome the redundancy issue to compare 4 anti-apoptotic proteins from VACV, including in the context of viral infection. The results illustrate that vv811 is a useful tool to determine the role of VACV anti-apoptotic proteins during infection and that whilst all of these proteins have some anti-apoptotic activity, B13 is most potent.L’apoptose, mort cellulaire observĂ©e suite Ă  l’activation des caspases effectrices, est un moyen de dĂ©fense contre les pathogĂšnes, en particulier les virus. Le virus de la vaccine (VACV) est un virus contenant un grand gĂ©nome Ă  ADN codant pour environ 200 protĂ©ines, dont plusieurs inhibent l’apoptose. Cette apparente redondance fonctionnelle complique l’étude des protĂ©ines antiapoptotiques du virus dans un contexte d’infection virale. Dans ce travail, nous comparerons les propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptotiques des protĂ©ines B13, F1, GAAP et N1 de VACV. Cette comparaison sera Ă©tablie dans un premier temps en dehors de toute infection virale. En utilisant des vecteurs lentiviraux, nous avons obtenu des lignĂ©es cellulaires stables (U2-OS) exprimant ces protĂ©ines en isolation. Nous avons alors pu tester les capacitĂ©s antiapoptotiques de ces protĂ©ines en rĂ©ponse Ă  des stimuli provoquant l’apoptose extrinsĂšque et intrinsĂšque. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que B13 Ă©tait la plus puissante molĂ©cule inhibitrice de l’apoptose intrinsĂšque et qu’elle Ă©tait la seule Ă  inhiber l’apoptose extrinsĂšque. Ensuite nous avons tirĂ© avantage d’un virus de la vaccine dĂ©ficient (vv811) qui ne possĂšde aucune de ces protĂ©ines antiapoptotiques, capable Ă  lui seul d’induire l’apoptose, en l’absence de toute autre stimulus. En infectant nos lignĂ©es cellulaires exprimant les molĂ©cules in trans avec vv811, nous avons pu montrer que B13 inhibait cette apoptose induite par le virus beaucoup plus efficacement que F1. GAAP et N1 dans ce contexte n’ont pas dĂ©montrĂ© de propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptotiques. Enfin, nous avons construit par mutagĂ©nĂšse des virus vv811 recombinants exprimant les molĂ©cules Ă©tudiĂ©es in cis. Suite Ă  l’infection par ces virus de cellules U2-OS et Hela, B13, de nouveau, et F1 ont montrĂ© des capacitĂ©s d’inhibition importantes de l’apoptose. L’action de GAAP s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e dĂ©pendante du type cellulaire et N1 n’a pas pu inhiber l’apoptose induite par ce virus dĂ©ficient dans aucune des cellules testĂ©es. En utilisant ces diffĂ©rentes approches, nous avons pu nous affranchir des problĂšmes de redondance et comparer 4 molĂ©cules antiapoptotiques du virus de la vaccine, y compris dans un contexte d’infection virale. Les rĂ©sultats ont confirmĂ© que toutes les protĂ©ines Ă©tudiĂ©es possĂ©daient des propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptiques et ont clairement montrĂ© que B13 Ă©tait la plus puissant

    Comparison of the anti-apoptotic properties of 4 vaccinia virus proteins in isolation and during viral infection

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    L’apoptose, mort cellulaire observĂ©e suite Ă  l’activation des caspases effectrices, est un moyen de dĂ©fense contre les pathogĂšnes, en particulier les virus. Le virus de la vaccine (VACV) est un virus contenant un grand gĂ©nome Ă  ADN codant pour environ 200 protĂ©ines, dont plusieurs inhibent l’apoptose. Cette apparente redondance fonctionnelle complique l’étude des protĂ©ines antiapoptotiques du virus dans un contexte d’infection virale. Dans ce travail, nous comparerons les propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptotiques des protĂ©ines B13, F1, GAAP et N1 de VACV. Cette comparaison sera Ă©tablie dans un premier temps en dehors de toute infection virale. En utilisant des vecteurs lentiviraux, nous avons obtenu des lignĂ©es cellulaires stables (U2-OS) exprimant ces protĂ©ines en isolation. Nous avons alors pu tester les capacitĂ©s antiapoptotiques de ces protĂ©ines en rĂ©ponse Ă  des stimuli provoquant l’apoptose extrinsĂšque et intrinsĂšque. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que B13 Ă©tait la plus puissante molĂ©cule inhibitrice de l’apoptose intrinsĂšque et qu’elle Ă©tait la seule Ă  inhiber l’apoptose extrinsĂšque. Ensuite nous avons tirĂ© avantage d’un virus de la vaccine dĂ©ficient (vv811) qui ne possĂšde aucune de ces protĂ©ines antiapoptotiques, capable Ă  lui seul d’induire l’apoptose, en l’absence de toute autre stimulus. En infectant nos lignĂ©es cellulaires exprimant les molĂ©cules in trans avec vv811, nous avons pu montrer que B13 inhibait cette apoptose induite par le virus beaucoup plus efficacement que F1. GAAP et N1 dans ce contexte n’ont pas dĂ©montrĂ© de propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptotiques. Enfin, nous avons construit par mutagĂ©nĂšse des virus vv811 recombinants exprimant les molĂ©cules Ă©tudiĂ©es in cis. Suite Ă  l’infection par ces virus de cellules U2-OS et Hela, B13, de nouveau, et F1 ont montrĂ© des capacitĂ©s d’inhibition importantes de l’apoptose. L’action de GAAP s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e dĂ©pendante du type cellulaire et N1 n’a pas pu inhiber l’apoptose induite par ce virus dĂ©ficient dans aucune des cellules testĂ©es. En utilisant ces diffĂ©rentes approches, nous avons pu nous affranchir des problĂšmes de redondance et comparer 4 molĂ©cules antiapoptotiques du virus de la vaccine, y compris dans un contexte d’infection virale. Les rĂ©sultats ont confirmĂ© que toutes les protĂ©ines Ă©tudiĂ©es possĂ©daient des propriĂ©tĂ©s antiapoptiques et ont clairement montrĂ© que B13 Ă©tait la plus puissanteApoptosis, which occurs following activation of effector caspases, can restrict the replication of intracellular pathogens, especially viruses. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large dsDNA virus encoding approximately 200 proteins, several of which inhibit apoptosis. This redundancy of viral anti-apoptotic proteins complicates the study of these proteins in the context of viral infection. Here a comparative study of the anti-apoptotic proteins B13, F1, GAAP and N1 with and without virus infection is presented. Firstly, using lentiviral constructs, we generated transduced cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in isolation and we analysed their ability to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis induced by different drugs. In that context B13 was the most potent inhibitor of intrinsic apoptosis and the only protein to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. We then used a deficient VACV strain, vv811, that lacks the genes coding for the four anti-apoptotic proteins. Infection with vv811 can induce apoptosis without the need for any other stimulus. After vv811 infection of cell lines expressing the anti-apoptotic proteins in trans, B13 and to a lesser extent F1, inhibited apoptosis. Finally, we introduced each gene separately into vv811 by genetic recombination. Using these recombinant viruses to induce apoptosis, B13 and F1 were very potent inhibitors. The protection conferred by GAAP was cell type dependant and N1 failed to protect any of the tested cells from the virus induced apoptosis. Using these different approaches, we have been able to overcome the redundancy issue to compare 4 anti-apoptotic proteins from VACV, including in the context of viral infection. The results illustrate that vv811 is a useful tool to determine the role of VACV anti-apoptotic proteins during infection and that whilst all of these proteins have some anti-apoptotic activity, B13 is most potent

    RÎle de la protéine vICA (viral inhibitor of caspase-8-induced apoptosis, gÚne UL36) du cytomégalovirus humain

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    RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocLYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Infection à cytomégalovirus chez les transplantés hépatiques du CHU de Rennes (comparaison des prises en charge prophylactique et préemptive chez les patients D+/R- entre 2006 et 2010)

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    Le cytomégalovirus humain (CMV) est un virus ubiquitaire de la famille des Herpesviridae. Malgré l'amélioration des traitements et de la surveillance, le CMV reste une grande cause de morbidité et de mortalité chez les transplantés. Le couple formé par un donneur séropositif et un receveur séronégatif (D+/R-) est le plus à risque de développer une maladie à CMV au cours de la primo-infection. Dans le cas de la greffe hépatique, il n'existe aucun consensus concernant la prise en charge des patients D+/R-. La stratégie prophylactique consiste à administrer du Valganciclovir pendant les 90 premiers jours qui suivent la greffe. La stratégie préemptive consiste à instaurer un suivi virologique régulier par biologie moléculaire permettant de déceler la réplication du virus avant que celui-ci n'entraßne des conséquences cliniques et de mettre en place le traitement antiviral. Au CHU de Rennes, une centaine de patients bénéficient chaque année d'une greffe hépatique. Avant 2009, la prise en charge des patients D+/R- était la mise en place d'un traitement prophylactique. Depuis 2009, la stratégie préemptive a été préférée dans notre centre. Ce travail est une étude de pratiques rétrospective comparant les deux modes de prise en charge chez les D+/R- entre 2006 et 2010. L'analyse porte sur les données cliniques, biologiques, pharmacologiques et économiques. Les résultats tendent à montrer que les deux méthodes ne sont pas significativement différentes en termes de mortalité, de morbidité et de coût. La durée totale de traitement antiviral reçu est plus importante dans le groupe prophylactique et est associée à des leuco/neutropénies plus fréquentes. Le suivi biologique plus régulier de la stratégie préemptive est plus difficile à mettre en oeuvre et a probabilité cumulée d'avoir une PCR positive est plus importante. Il serait intéressant de mener une étude prospective afin de confirmer ces résultats.The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an ubiquitous virus which belongs to the family of the herpesviridae. Despite progress made in treatment and supervision, the CMV continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among transplant patients. The match resulting from a seropositive doner and a seronegative receiver is most at risk of developing a CMV infection during the primary infection. In the case of liver transplantation, there is no consensus regarding the care of D+/R- patients. The prophylactic stratégie uses anti-viral drugs (Valganciclovir) during the first 90 days following the graft. The preemptive strategie uses a regular biological monitoring with molecular biology in order to detect the replication of the virus before it causes clinical effects. The anti-viral treatment will be put in place immediately. At the Rennes University Hospital, around a hundred patients undergo a liver transplantation each year. Before 2009, the care of D+/R- patients involved using a prophylactic treatment. Since 2009, preference in our centre has been given to the premptive strategy. This work compares retrospectively the two different protocols for D+/R- patients between 2006 and 2010. It is a study of practices. The analysis focuses on clinical, biological, pharmacological and cost. The results seem to show that the two methods are not significantly different in terms of mortality, morbidity and cost. The total duration of the antiviral treatment administered is greater in the prophylactic group and is associated more frequently with leukopenia. The monitoring of the preemptive strategy is more complex and the propability to have a PCR + is higher. It would be interesting to pursue the compilation of this data prospectively in order to confirm these results.RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Vaccinia virus evasion of regulated cell death

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    Regulated cell death is a powerful anti-viral mechanism capable of aborting the virus replicative cycle and alerting neighbouring cells to the threat of infection. The biological importance of regulated cell death is illustrated by the rich repertoire of host signalling cascades causing cell death and by the multiple strategies exhibited by viruses to block death signal transduction and preserve cell viability. Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, encodes multiple proteins that interfere with apoptotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic signalling. Here the current knowledge on cell death pathways and how VACV proteins interact with them is reviewed. Studying the mechanisms evolved by VACV to counteract host programmed cell death has implications for its successful use as a vector for vaccination and as an oncolytic agent against cancer
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