Aplicaciones del álgebra matricial en los cifrados por transposición

Since the beginning of communication in humanity has seen the need to convey messages in a way that arehidden for those who are not the recipient. Message encryption methodologies have been developed since ancienttimes, which has allowed various methods and mathematical algorithms, in fact some of them at present have not yetbeen fully deciphered. In this article we develop a methodology and algorithm that models the encryption throughthe transposition system known as double transposition through the mathematical foundations of linear algebra. Anapplication of an encryption method is established, based on the PALU special matrix factorization, leaving the dooropen for new methodologies by factorizations of different order and complexity according to the matrix algebra.Desde los comienzos de la comunicación en la humanidad se ha visto la necesidad de transmitir mensajesde manera que sean ocultos para aquellos que no sean el destinatario. Las metodologías de cifrado de mensajeshan sido desarrolladas desde tiempos remotos, lo cual ha permitido diversos métodos y algoritmos matemáticos; de hecho algunos de ellos en la actualidad aún no han logrado ser totalmente descifrados. En este artículo se desarrolla una metodología y algoritmo que modela el cifrado mediante el sistema de transposición conocido como de doble transposición mediante los fundamentos matemáticos del álgebra lineal. Se establece una aplicación de un método de cifrado, basado en la factorización matricial especial PALU, dejando la puerta abierta para nuevas metodologías por factorizaciones de distinto orden y complejidad de acuerdo con el álgebra matricial

Layer-by-Layer Integration of Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks onto Activated Carbon Spheres and Fabrics with Model Nerve Agent Detoxification Properties

This research was funded by the Directorate for Planning, Technology, and Innovation (SDG PLATIN) from the Directorate General of Armaments and Material (DGAM) of the Spanish Ministry of Defense, COINCIDENTE Program exp. 1003219007500—NBQD2. The authors also acknowledge EU Feder funding, MINECO (CTQ2017-84692-R and PID2020-113608RB-I00), Universidad de Granada (Plan Propio de Investigación), and Junta de Andalucia (P18-RT-612). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.We report the controlled synthesis of thin films of prototypical zirconium metal-organic frameworks [Zr6O4(OH)4(benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate-2-X)6] (X = H, UiO-66 and X = NH2, UiO-66-NH2) over the external surface of shaped carbonized substrates (spheres and textile fabrics) using a layer-by-layer method. The resulting composite materials contain metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals homogeneously distributed over the external surface of the porous shaped bodies, which are able to capture an organophosphate nerve agent simulant (diisopropylfluorophosphate, DIFP) in competition with moisture (very fast) and hydrolyze the P-F bond (slow). This behavior confers the composite material self-cleaning properties, which are useful for blocking secondary emission problems of classical protective equipment based on activated carbon.CBUADirectorate General of Armaments and MaterialDirectorate for Planning, Technology, and InnovationSpanish Ministry of Defense 1003219007500Universidad de Granad

Discovery of the elusive carbonic acid (HOCOOH) in space

After a quarter century since the detection of the last interstellar carboxylic acid, acetic acid (CH$_3$COOH), we report the discovery of a new one, the cis-trans form of carbonic acid (HOCOOH), toward the Galactic Center molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027. HOCOOH stands as the first interstellar molecule containing three oxygen atoms and also the third carboxylic acid detected so far in the interstellar medium. Albeit the limited available laboratory measurements (up to 65 GHz), we have also identified several pairs of unblended lines directly in the astronomical data (between 75-120 GHz), which allowed us to slightly improve the set of spectroscopic constants. We derive a column density for cis-trans HOCOOH of $N$ = (6.4 $\pm$ 0.4) $\times$ 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$, which yields an abundance with respect to molecular H$_2$ of 4.7 $\times$ 10$^{-11}$. Meanwhile, the extremely low dipole moment (about fifteen times lower) of the lower-energy conformer, cis-cis HOCOOH, precludes its detection. We obtain an upper limit to its abundance with respect to H$_2$ of $\leq$ 1.2 $\times$10$^{-9}$, which suggests that cis-cis HOCOOH might be fairly abundant in interstellar space, although it is nearly undetectable by radio astronomical observations. We derive a cis-cis/cis-trans ratio $\leq$ 25, consistent with the smaller energy difference between both conformers compared with the relative stability of trans- and cis-formic acid (HCOOH). Finally, we compare the abundance of these acids in different astronomical environments, further suggesting a relationship between the chemical content found in the interstellar medium and the chemical composition of the minor bodies of the Solar System, which could be inherited during the star formation process.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa

H2CN/H2NC abundance ratio: a new potential temperature tracer for the interstellar medium

The ${\rm H_2NC}$ radical is the high-energy metastable isomer of ${\rm H_2CN}$ radical, which has been recently detected for the first time in the interstellar medium towards a handful of cold galactic sources, besides a warm galaxy in front of the PKS 1830-211 quasar. These detections have shown that the ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ isomeric ratio, likewise the HCN/HNC ratio, might increase with the kinetic temperature ($T_{\rm kin}$), but the shortage of them in warm sources still prevents us to confirm this hypothesis and shed light about their chemistry. In this work, we present the first detection of ${\rm H_2CN}$ and ${\rm H_2NC}$ towards a warm galactic source, the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud (with $T_{\rm kin} > 70 \, {\rm K}$), using IRAM 30m observations. We have detected multiple hyperfine components of the $N_{K_\text{a}K_\text{c}} = 1_{01} - 0_{00}$ and $2_{02} - 1_{01}$ transitions. We derived molecular abundances with respect to ${\rm H_2}$ of (6.8$\pm$1.3)$\times 10^{-11}$ for ${\rm H_2CN}$ and of (3.1$\pm$0.7)$\times 10^{-11}$ for ${\rm H_2NC}$, and a ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ abundance ratio of 2.2$\pm$0.5. These detections confirm that the ${\rm H_2CN}$/${\rm H_2NC}$ ratio is $\gtrsim$2 for sources with $T_{\rm kin} > 70 \, {\rm K}$, larger than the $\sim$1 ratios previously found in colder cores ($T_{\rm kin}\sim10 \, {\rm K}$). This isomeric ratio dependence with temperature cannot be fully explained with the currently proposed gas-phase formation and destruction pathways. Grain surface reactions, including the ${\rm H_2NC} \rightarrow {\rm H_2CN}$ isomerization, deserve consideration to explain the higher isomeric ratios and ${\rm H_2CN}$ abundances observed in warm sources, where the molecules can be desorbed into the gas phase through thermal and/or shock-induced mechanisms.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, 2 appendix - Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ

Aprendizaje Servicio e Innovación Social desde la Universidad

El Aprendizaje Servicio es una estrategia docente necesaria para el desarrollo de iniciativas de emprendimiento e innovación social, que partan desde la Universidad, y que se puedan incorporar en las diferentes áreas de conocimiento de la UC

Mejora de las Metodologías Docentes para el área de la Electrónica

Fac. de Ciencias FísicasFALSEsubmitte

An 8-gene qRT-PCR-based gene expression score that has prognostic value in early breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gene expression profiling may improve prognostic accuracy in patients with early breast cancer. Our objective was to demonstrate that it is possible to develop a simple molecular signature to predict distant relapse.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We included 153 patients with stage I-II hormonal receptor-positive breast cancer. RNA was isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples and qRT-PCR amplification of 83 genes was performed with gene expression assays. The genes we analyzed were those included in the 70-Gene Signature, the Recurrence Score and the Two-Gene Index. The association among gene expression, clinical variables and distant metastasis-free survival was analyzed using Cox regression models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>An 8-gene prognostic score was defined. Distant metastasis-free survival at 5 years was 97% for patients defined as low-risk by the prognostic score versus 60% for patients defined as high-risk. The 8-gene score remained a significant factor in multivariate analysis and its performance was similar to that of two validated gene profiles: the 70-Gene Signature and the Recurrence Score. The validity of the signature was verified in independent cohorts obtained from the GEO database.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study identifies a simple gene expression score that complements histopathological prognostic factors in breast cancer, and can be determined in paraffin-embedded samples.</p

Therapeutic Effects of Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin Membrane-Bound Inhibitor Treatment in Psoriasis and Arthritis

Abstract Objective: The transforming growth factor ? (TGF?) inhibitor BAMBI (bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor) has been shown to control differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes into either tolerogenic Treg cells or pathogenic Th17 cells, through the regulation of TGF? and interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling strength. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential beneficial effects of this strategy of pharmacologic inhibition using novel anti-BAMBI monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in different experimental murine models of chronic skin and joint inflammatory/autoimmune disease. Methods: Development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan-induced psoriatic arthritis (MIP) (n = 18-30 mice per group), imiquimod-induced skin psoriasis (n = 20-30 mice per group), or type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) (n = 13-16 mice per group) was analyzed in a total of 2-5 different experiments with either wild-type (WT) or BAMBI-deficient B10.RIII mice that were left untreated or treated with mAb B101.37 (mouse IgG1 anti-BAMBI), a mouse IgG1 anti-TNP isotype control, anti-CD25, or anti-TGF? mAb. Results: Treatment of normal mice with IgG1 anti-BAMBI mAb clone B101.37 led to expansion of Treg cells in vivo, and had both preventive and therapeutic effects in mice with MIP (each P < 0.05 versus controls). The conferred protection against disease progression was found to be mediated by Treg cells, which controlled the activation and expansion of pathogenic IL-17-producing cells, and was dependent on the level of TGF? activity. Furthermore, treatment with B101.37 mAb blocked both the development of skin psoriasis induced by imiquimod and the development of CIA in mice (each P < 0.05 versus controls). Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of BAMBI with the IgM anti-BAMBI mAb B143.14 also potentiated the suppressive activity of Treg cells in vitro (P < 0.001 versus controls). Conclusion: These results in murine models identify BAMBI as a promising new therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases and other pathologic conditions modulated by Treg cells.Funding was provided by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Plan Nacional I+D+i) co-financed by European Development Regional Fund to RM (SAF2017-82905-R) and JM (SAF2016-75195-R). PA and MI were partially supported by grants from “Luchamos por la Vida Foundation” and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (IPT2011-1527-010000) associated with Fibrostatin SL, respectivel

The role of topology in organic molecules: origin and comparison of the radical character in linear and cyclic oligoacenes and related oligomers

We discuss the nature of electron-correlation effects in carbon nanorings and nanobelts using an analysis tool known as fractional occupation number weighted electron density (ρFOD) and the RAS-SF method, revealing for the first time significant differences in static correlation effects depending on how the rings (i.e. chemical units) are fused and/or connected until closing the loop. We choose to study in detail linear and cyclic oligoacene molecules of increasing size, and relate the emerging differences with the difficulties for the synthesis of the latter due to their radicaloid character. We finally explore how minor structural modifications of the cyclic forms can alter these results, showing the potential use of these systems as molecular templates for the growth of well-shaped carbon nanotubes as well as the usefulness of theoretical tools for molecular design.A. J. P. J. and J. C. S. G acknowledge the “Ministerio de Economa y Competitividad” of Spain and the “European Regional Development Fund” through the project CTQ2014-55073-P, and E. S. F. M. through the project FIS2015-64222-C2-2-P. D. C. is thankful to Eusko Jaurlaritza and the Spanish Government MINECO/FEDER (projects IT588-13 and CTQ2016-80955). M. E. S.-S. acknowledges CONACyT-México for a PhD fellowship (ref. 591700)

Monitoreo continuo de glucosa de seis días en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 bajo hemodiálisis en tratamiento con insulinas en el Hospital de San José. (Bogotá)

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la glucosa mediante monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en hemodiálisis (HD) bajo tratamiento con insulinas en el Hospital de San José - Unidad Renal Fresenius Medical Care. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo longitudinal. Se incluyeron, desde abril hasta agosto de 2016, pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con falla renal en HD tratados con insulinas. Se midieron como variables de interés: hipoglucemia grave, severa o asintomática, hiperglucemia, variabilidad glucémica, características demográficas y paraclínicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 25 pacientes, el 72% fueron hombres, los niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) fueron 8,35% (± 2,34). Con el MCG se apreció alta variabilidad, tendencia a la hiperglucemia en 67,7% de los datos y descenso durante la HD de la glucemia tisular. Se detectaron 52 episodios de hipoglucemia, los cuales fueron más frecuentes en los días sin diálisis y en horario diurno. Hubo una menor relación de episodios de hipoglucemia con el uso de insulina glargina Conclusiones: El MCG en pacientes diabéticos en HD detectó alta variabilidad glucémica, hiperglucemia que predominó en los días de no diálisis y mayor número de hipoglucemias comparándola con la toma de glucometrías