19th Century Development of Refrigeration in The American Meat Packing Industry

The United States, particularly the city of Chicago, proved to be the center for the development of modern refrigeration. The meat-packing industry of Chicago was known worldwide and proved to be the forefront for technological development in refrigeration. Certain technologies such as refrigerated railway cars and cold storage facilities proved to be monumental to advancement in the industry. The invention of the refrigerator car revolutionized the industry by providing efficient and reliable transport for chilled, packaged meat and removed the old system of transporting livestock, saving immeasurable amounts of money. Cold storage facilities revolutionized the industry through providing efficient year-round storage for packaged meat as well as year-round meat for consumers. Through the work of various meat packing giants, revolutionization of refrigerator technology was made possible. Chicago meat packing titans such as Armour, Hammond, and Swift were key to the development of this transformation. This paper analyzes the development of Chicago’s meat packing industry and its role in refrigeration, and the invention of these key technologies. By analyzing the development of refrigerated transport and cold storage facilities it’s possible to understand that the local and global success of the meat-packing industry was due to the constant evolution of refrigeration technology spanning decades in the United States from the 19th century to the early 20th century

'Learning together': Sharing international experience on new models of primary care

No abstract available

Female reproductive strategy predicts preferences for sexual dimorphism in male faces

The aim of the current studies was to test an assumption that variation in female preferences for sexually dimorphic male facial characteristics reflects strategic optimisation of investment in offspring. A negative relationship was predicted between ideal number of children and preferences for masculine male face shapes, as the benefits of securing paternal investment should outweigh the benefits of securing good genes as the costs of raising offspring increase. In Study 1 desired number of children and preferences for masculine face shapes were compared in a sample of female students. In study 2, the prediction was tested in a sample with a wider age profile while controlling for relationship status. Preferences for explicit partner characteristics were also assessed. The prediction was supported: women who desired a higher number of children preferred more feminine male face shapes and ranked cues to investment of parental care over cues to immunocompetence in a partner more highly than those who desired fewer children. Results indicate that female mate preferences vary with reproductive strategy and support assumptions that preferences for feminine male faces reflect preferences for “good dads”

Using the UM dynamical cores to reproduce idealised 3D flows

We demonstrate that both the current (New Dynamics), and next generation (ENDGame) dynamical cores of the UK Met Office global circulation model, the UM, reproduce consistently, the long-term, large-scale flows found in several published idealised tests. The cases presented are the Held-Suarez test, a simplified model of Earth (including a stratosphere), and a hypothetical tidally locked Earth. Furthermore, we show that using simplifications to the dynamical equations, which are expected to be justified for the physical domains and flow regimes we have studied, and which are supported by the ENDGame dynamical core, also produces matching long-term, large-scale flows. Finally, we present evidence for differences in the detail of the planetary flows and circulations resulting from improvements in the ENDGame formulation over New Dynamics.Comment: 34 Pages, 23 Figures. Accepted for publication in Geoscientific Model Development (pre-proof version

Genomic characterisation of an endometrial pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain reveals the acquisition of genetic elements associated with extra-intestinal pathogenicity

&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Strains of &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; cause a wide variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in both humans and animals, and are also often found in healthy individuals or the environment. Broadly, a strong phylogenetic relationship exists that distinguishes most &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt; causing intestinal disease from those that cause extra-intestinal disease, however, isolates within a recently described subclass of Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt; (ExPEC), termed endometrial pathogenic &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt;, tend to be phylogenetically distant from the vast majority of characterised ExPECs, and more closely related to human intestinal pathogens. In this work, we investigate the genetic basis for ExPEC infection in the prototypic endometrial pathogenic &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt; strain MS499.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; By investigating the genome of MS499 in comparison with a range of other E. coli sequences, we have discovered that this bacterium has acquired substantial lengths of DNA which encode factors more usually associated with ExPECs and less frequently found in the phylogroup relatives of MS499. Many of these acquired factors, including several iron acquisition systems and a virulence plasmid similar to that found in several ExPECs such as APEC O1 and the neonatal meningitis &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt; S88, play characterised roles in a variety of typical ExPEC infections and appear to have been acquired recently by the evolutionary lineage leading to MS499.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Taking advantage of the phylogenetic relationship we describe between MS499 and several other closely related &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt; isolates from across the globe, we propose a step-wise evolution of a novel clade of sequence type 453 ExPECs within phylogroup B1, involving the recruitment of ExPEC virulence factors into the genome of an ancestrally non-extraintestinal &lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt;, which has repurposed this lineage with the capacity to cause extraintestinal disease. These data reveal the genetic components which may be involved in this phenotype switching, and argue that horizontal gene exchange may be a key factor in the emergence of novel lineages of ExPECs.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt

Results from a set of three-dimensional numerical experiments of a hot Jupiter atmosphere

We present highlights from a large set of simulations of a hot Jupiter atmosphere, nominally based on HD 209458b, aimed at exploring both the evolution of the deep atmosphere, and the acceleration of the zonal flow or jet. We find the occurrence of a super-rotating equatorial jet is robust to changes in various parameters, and over long timescales, even in the absence of strong inner or bottom boundary drag. This jet is diminished in one simulation only, where we strongly force the deep atmosphere equator-to-pole temperature gradient over long timescales. Finally, although the eddy momentum fluxes in our atmosphere show similarities with the proposed mechanism for accelerating jets on tidally-locked planets, the picture appears more complex. We present tentative evidence for a jet driven by a combination of eddy momentum transport and mean flow.Comment: 26 pages, 22 Figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

The search for novel analgesics: re-examining spinal cord circuits with new tools

In this perspective, we propose the absence of detailed information regarding spinal cord circuits that process sensory information remains a major barrier to advancing analgesia. We highlight recent advances showing that functionally discrete populations of neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn play distinct roles in processing sensory information. We then discuss new molecular, electrophysiological, and optogenetic techniques that can be employed to understand how dorsal horn circuits process tactile and nociceptive information. We believe this information can drive the development of entirely new classes of pharmacotherapies that target key elements in spinal circuits to selectively modify sensory function and blunt pain

Occurrence of the Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) on the Island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA

We report the first record of an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker 1859) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) in the USA found on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi