In the Shadow of Soft Law: The Handling of Corporate Social Responsibility Disputes under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises

This socio-legal study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the various practices NCPs apply to solve CSR disputes during specific instances. It does so in four parts, starting with an outline of the legal background of the CSR debate and movement in Part II. Part Ill examines the construction and content of the Guidelines. Also, Part III explores the soft law nature debate and how it shapes the NCPs\u27 commitment and implementation of the Guidelines. In Part IV, the empirical findings of this study are presented to illuminate how the soft law nature of the Guidelines shapes the NCPs\u27 commitment and implementation of the Guidelines. The empirical findings consist of a content analysis of fifty-seven published final statements of the NCPs reporting on specific instances. Also, the findings include twenty-five NCPs\u27 responses to a survey, which was addressed to all forty-two NCPs, and interviews with five NCP officials, and one OECD official. The empirical methods were combined in order to collect and analyze data in terms of the procedural practices and outcomes of this dispute system. In addition, Part IV questions how NCPs understand their role and function in handling CSR disputes and the goals they aim to achieve. Finally, Part V consists of concluding remarks about this dispute system while providing a brief update and forecast about the 2011 Guidelines

Regular Solution Theory Model Used To Predict Supercritical CO2 Extraction Of p-chlorophenol Contaminate From Water Stream.

The objective of this paper is the assessments of the feasibility of the extraction process utilizing a near critical carbon dioxide solvent with p-chlorophenol contaminate solute, which would be speeded up if it were possible to predict mutual solubility data

Mutual Solubility Study in Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tocopherols from Crude Palm Oil Using CO2 Solvent

In this article, the mutual solubility of tocopherols from crude palm oil was studied using carbon dioxide as a solvent at the temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C. Each sample from the phase equilibrium unit contained two parts. The liquid part was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) in order to measure the tocopherol composition and, on the other hand, the vapor phase was conducted in an expansion vessel in order to measure the pressure increment during the expansion process. Two phase equilibrium data was calculated using the liquid phase composition and pressure increments during the expansion process. Results showed that the maximum solubility of tocopherols was around 2.27% at a temperature of 120 °C and at pressure of 5.44 MPa

Phase Equilibrium Data Study With Carbon Dioxide Solvent For 80.52:19.48 Of Ethanoloctane Mixture At Elevated Pressure.

Solubility data of a mixture containing 80.52 % ethanol and 19.48 % octane was measured in carbon dioxide solvent using a high-pressure type phase equilibrium apparatus at pressures up to 100 bar and at temperature of 75 °C. The experimental results showed that considerable separation was not achieved in this ethanol and octane ratio using carbon dioxide

A Look at the Industrial Production of Olefins Based on Naphtha Feed: A Process Study of a Petrochemical Unit

Olefins (ethylene, propylene and butadiene) as raw materials play an important role in a lot of chemical and polymer products. In industrial scale, there are several techniques from crude oil, natural gas, coal and methanol for the olefins production. Each of these has some advantages. The petrochemicals with liquid feed can simultaneously produce all of the olefins. Shazand Petrochemical Co. (as the first olefins production unit in Iran) produces all of the olefins using naphtha (light and heavy) feed. In this chapter, the production process of olefins based on naphtha will be studied from the beginning to the end (involving pyrolysis, compression, chilling and fractionation processes)

Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of HFE 7000 based nanorefrigerants

In this study, two dimensional numerical simulations of forced convection flow of HFE 7000 based nanofluids in a horizontal circular tube subjected to a constant and uniform heat flux in laminar flow was performed by using single phase homogeneous model. Four different nanofluids considered in the present study are Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and MgO nanoparticles dispersed in pure HFE 7000. The simulations were performed with particle volumetric concentrations of 0, 1, 4 and 6% and Reynolds number of 400, 800, 1200 and 1600. Most of the previous studies on the forced convective flow of nanofluids have been investigated through hydrodynamic and heat transfer analysis. Therefore, there is limited number of numerical studies which include both heat transfer and entropy generation investigations of the convective flow of nanofluids. The objective of the present work is to study the influence of each dispersed particles, their volume concentrations and Reynolds number on the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics as well as the entropy generation of the flow. In addition, experimental data for Al2O3-water nanofluid was compared with the simulation model and high level agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results. The numerical results reveal that the average heat transfer coefficient augments with an increase in Reynolds number and the volume concentration for all the above considered nanofluids. It is found that the highest increase in the average heat transfer coefficient is obtained at the highest volume concentration ratio (6%) for each nanofluids. The increase in the average heat transfer coefficient is found to be 17.5% for MgO-HFE 7000 nanofluid, followed by Al2O3-HFE 7000 (16.9%), CuO-HFE 7000 (15.1%) and SiO2-HFE 7000 (14.6%). However, the results show that the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient is accompanied by the increase in pressure drop, which is about (9.3 - 28.2%). Furthermore, the results demonstrate that total entropy generation reduces with the rising Reynolds number and particle volume concentration for each nanofluid. Therefore, the use of HFE 7000 based MgO, Al2O3, CuO and SiO2 nanofluids in the laminar flow regime is beneficial and enhances the thermal performance

Optimisation and modelling of supercritical CO2 extraction process of carotenoids from carrot peels

This work aimed to assess and optimise the extraction of carotenoids from carrot peels by supercritical CO2 (S-CO2), utilising ethanol as co-solvent. The evaluated variables were temperature, pressure and co-solvent concentration. According to the validated model, the optimal conditions for maximum mass yield (5.31%, d.b.) were found at 58.5 °C, 306 bar and 14.3% of ethanol, and at 59.0 °C, 349 bar and 15.5% ethanol for carotenoid recovery (86.1%). Kinetic experiments showed that 97% of the total extractable carotenoid content was recovered after only 30 min, whereas model fitting confirmed the fast extraction trend and desorbing nature of carotenoids from the sample matrix. The process is potentially scalable, as demonstrated by runs performed with a 10-fold initial sample size, which led to even higher recoveries (96.2%), indicating that S-CO2 can be as efficient as a conventional solvent extraction for recovering high value compounds from vegetable by-products

Corporate Social Responsibility, Juridification and Globalization: ‘Inventive Interventionism’ for a ‘Paradox’

Onyeka Osuji University of Exeter Law Amory Building, Rennes Drive Exeter EX4 4RJ United KingdomArticleThis is the author's version of an article accepted for publication by Cambridge University Press in International Journal of Law in Context, Volume 11, 2015.© Cambridge University Press 2015The definitive version will be available via: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=IJCThis article proposes ‘inventive interventionism’ as a regulatory approach to incorporate substantive outcomes, stakeholder empowerment, effective disclosure and a global multi-stakeholder and multidimensional view of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social disclosure. Inventive interventionism also applies new paradigms of regulation that recognize CSR as one of the proximate engineers of efficient public governance and ultimate sources of socioeconomic development. The article adopts a transnational and comparative approach to regulatory CSR and situates the voluntary and prescriptive approaches in the wider regulation debate. It draws on reflexive law, responsive regulation, institutional and other theories to demonstrate that existing CSR regulations in several jurisdictions are not representative of the law’s multidimensional and multidirectional nature. Inventive interventionism reflects a functional approach to the law-CSR dialectic relationship and contributes to the development of an analytical framework for CSR and reforming its national and global regulatory environment