Les hommes et la fonction paternelle dans la famille antillaise

Le modèle matrifocal d'organisation familiale reste toujours prépondérant dans les Petites Antilles malgré une confrontation ancienne au modèle nucléaire occidental. Il doit ses particularités aux conditions de son développement initial dans le contexte de l'esclavage et son maintien est favorisé par certaines dispositions sociales dans les Antilles françaises. Dans ce modèle les pères semblent graviter à la périphérie de la famille sans toutefois être invisibles, ni absents ou en conflit. Leur présence au domicile peut même être intermittente, mais de manière prévisible et régulière, rassurante pour l'enfant auquel ils accordent toute leur attention à ces moments-là. Le rôle dit paternel est assuré de manière plus complexe, non seulement par le père mais aussi par d'autres personnages masculins ou même féminins et même par l'ensemble du réseau social lorsque celui-ci garde une bonne cohésion. Lorsqu'il est fonctionnel, ce modèle est tout aussi à même qu'un autre de répondre aux besoins affectifs, éducatifs et de socialisation d'un enfant. Après un rappel des conditions historiques et économiques ayant donné naissance à ce type très particulier d'organisation familiale, cet article présente à travers l'étude de trois cas cliniques comment les deux modèles (nucléaire et matrifocal) se côtoient dans les Antilles françaises, et comment les professionnels de santé mentale procèdent aux raccommodages en cas d'accrocs.Men and the paternal function in Caribbean families It has previously been noted that one of the essential features of Caribbean families is the dominant position of women. Compared with the Western model of the nuclear family, these "matrifocal" families can give the impression that men and fathers are only marginally present or completely absent from the family scene, thus encouraging clinicians to view these families as deficient or pathological and their children as being "single-parented". Following a review of historical and economic factors contributing to this particular organization of the Afro-Caribbean family, this article uses three clinical cases studies to highlight the following points : 1) extended matrifocal families can resourcefully respond to the child's fundamental socialization needs ; 2) the paternal role can be and is often fulfilled in these families in a variety of ways (by fathers as well as others persons or social groups) which appropriately meet the developmental needs of the child ; and 3) when Caribbean families' ability to "father" the child is disrupted (through social isolation, emigration, developmental problems), mental health professionals should try to promote the (re)construction of an extended family network which applies more flexible concepts of "fatherhood" than those dictated by the nuclear family model.Los hombres y la función paternal en la familia antillana El modelo matrifocal de la organisación familial queda siempre preponderante en las Antillas Menores a pesar de una confrontación anciana al modelo nuclear occidental. Debe sus particularidades a las condiciones de su desarrollo inicial en el contexto de la esclavitud y su conservación esta favorisada por ciertas disposiciones sociales en las Antillas francesas. En este modelo los padres parecen gravitar a la periferia de la familia pero sin embargo estar invisibles, ausentes o en conflicto. Su presencia en el domicilio puede ser intermitente, pero de manera previsible y regular, tranquilizadora para el niño a quien acuerdan toda su atención durante estos momentos. El papel dicho paternal esta asegurado de manera más compleja, no solamente por el padre pero tambien por otros personajes masculinos o aun femeninos y hasta por el conjunto del red social cuando este mantiene una buena cohesión. Cuando es funcional, este modelo puede a pesar de todo responder como otro a las necesidades afectivas, educativas y de socialización de un niño. Después de una evocación de las condiciones historicas y economicas que dieron nacimiento a este tipo particular de organisación familial, a través el estudio de tres casos clinicos, este artículo presenta como los dos modelos (nuclear y matrifocal) se relacionan en las Antillas francesas y como los profesionales de la salud proceden en el arreglo en casos de desgarrones

On the Microstructural Development in Platinum-Modified Nickel-Aluminide Bond Coats

A numerical procedure for simulating the distortions exhibited by a thermally grown oxide (TGO) upon temperature cycling has been adapted to incorporate the microstructure of the bond coat. The focus is on the dual phase β/γ′ microstructure that develops upon oxidation of a system with a Pt-aluminide bond coat. The results reveal that the presence of the γ′-phase next to the TGO reduces its distortion locally, because of the superior high-temperature strength of γ′, relative to β. Conversely, in regions where the β-phase exists adjacent to the TGO, it distorts and the TGO propagates downward, while simultaneously lengthening. These results from the simulations are in direct correspondence with experimental observations

On the Microstructural Development in Platinum-Modified Nickel-Aluminide Bond Coats

A numerical procedure for simulating the distortions exhibited by a thermally grown oxide (TGO) upon temperature cycling has been adapted to incorporate the microstructure of the bond coat. The focus is on the dual phase β/γ′ microstructure that develops upon oxidation of a system with a Pt-aluminide bond coat. The results reveal that the presence of the γ′-phase next to the TGO reduces its distortion locally, because of the superior high-temperature strength of γ′, relative to β. Conversely, in regions where the β-phase exists adjacent to the TGO, it distorts and the TGO propagates downward, while simultaneously lengthening. These results from the simulations are in direct correspondence with experimental observations

Aspects of the Morphological Evolution in Thermal Barrier Coatings and the Intrinsic Thermal Mismatch Therein

The evolution of interfacial deformations and stresses in thermal barrier coatings due to the formation of the thermally grown oxide and the intrinsic thermal mismatch is investigated. The study focuses on systems that are prone to displacement instabilities of the thermally grown oxide and numerical models spanning a range of properties are investigated. Material changes in the Pt-modified aluminide bond-coat, such as martensitic transformation and the change from β- to γ′-grains, are considered. The numerical simulations show that when the mismatch is large enough to cause overall yielding in the bond-coat, the thermal expansion of the substrate (the superalloy) will rule the system response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the stresses and the interfacial deformation—thus the coating’s lifetime—may be optimized if the martensitic transition temperature can be controlled for bond-coats undergoing such transformations. However, we show that due to the sensitivity of the system, this is unlikely to be successful for a real material system

Aspects of the Morphological Evolution in Thermal Barrier Coatings and the Intrinsic Thermal Mismatch Therein

The evolution of interfacial deformations and stresses in thermal barrier coatings due to the formation of the thermally grown oxide and the intrinsic thermal mismatch is investigated. The study focuses on systems that are prone to displacement instabilities of the thermally grown oxide and numerical models spanning a range of properties are investigated. Material changes in the Pt-modified aluminide bond-coat, such as martensitic transformation and the change from β- to γ′-grains, are considered. The numerical simulations show that when the mismatch is large enough to cause overall yielding in the bond-coat, the thermal expansion of the substrate (the superalloy) will rule the system response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the stresses and the interfacial deformation—thus the coating’s lifetime—may be optimized if the martensitic transition temperature can be controlled for bond-coats undergoing such transformations. However, we show that due to the sensitivity of the system, this is unlikely to be successful for a real material system

Training Symbol-Based Equalization for Quadrature Duobinary PDM-FTN Systems

A training symbol-based equalization algorithm is proposed for polarization de-multiplexing in quadrature duobinary (QDB) modulated polarization division multiplexedfaster-than-Nyquist (FTN) coherent optical systems. The proposed algorithm is based on the least mean square algorithm, and multiple location candidates of a symbol are considered in order to make use of the training symbols with QDB modulation.Results show that an excellent convergence performance is obtained using the proposed algorithm under different polarization alignment scenarios. The optical signal-to-noise ratio required to attain a bit error rate of 2*10-2 is reduced by 1.7 and 1.8 dB using the proposed algorithm, compared to systems using the constant modulus algorithm with differential coding for 4-ary quadrature amplitude modulation(4-QAM) and 16-QAM systems with symbol-by-symbol detection, respectively.Furthermore, comparisons with the Tomlinson-Harashima precoding-based FTN systems illustrate that QDB is preferable when 4-QAM is utilized

Radical hydrodehalogenation of aryl bromides and chlorides with sodium hydride and 1,4-Dioxane

A practical method for radical chain reduction of various aryl bromides and chlorides is introduced. The thermal process uses NaH and 1,4‐dioxane as reagents and 1,10‐phenanthroline as an initiator. Hydrodehalogenation can be combined with typical cyclization reactions, proving the nature of the radical mechanism. These chain reactions proceed by electron catalysis. DFT calculations and mechanistic studies support the suggested mechanism