Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Clandscape ecology of the forest fragments of Ribeirão das Pedras watershed - Campinas, São Paulo State

Due to the fragmentation of forest extracts and land use, often without necessary care to mitigate the impacts resulting from activities performed on it, they are being weakened by a phenomenon such as the effect of edge, which consists of localized changes in the contact areas between the matrix and the disturbed forest fragment. The edge effects cause disruption, which is reflected in changes in the physical environment (abiotic). Those changes consist on the modification of microclimate in the edge zones, wind incidence, humidity and solar radiation, and the biota, and cause direct consequences on the variation of the distribution and individuals density of a specie. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the fragility of the fragments found in Ribeirao das Pedras watershed, Campinas, Brazil. We evaluated the fragment size and the tendency of elongated or circular using GIS techniques, and the existing cartographic base in town. According to the 1962, 1972 and 2006 cartographic database, was observed a decrease in quantity and quality of the fragments. Due to the unplanned urbanization of the municipality, the smaller fragments were deforested area. These, although not ecological capable to sustain higher trophic levels, serve as stepping stones, contributing to the biological flow. Similarly, the largest fragments were also cleared and its area reduced. In general, the size of the fragments passed to tend to elongate shape, which suggests greater contact between the fragment and the anthropogenic matrix, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the fragments. We highlight the case of the Cerrado remnant found in the extreme northeast of the basin that has a tendency of elongated shape (CI = 0.62) and small area (0.38 ha), thus proving to be very vulnerable to human pressures.A fragmentação dos extratos florestais e o uso de terras, muitas vezes sem os cuidados necessários para mitigação dos impactos decorrentes das atividades antrópicas, geram ecossistemas fragilizados por fenômenos como o efeito de borda, ou seja, alterações localizadas nas áreas de contato entre a matriz antropizada e o remanescente florestal. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a fragilidade dos fragmentos encontrados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão das Pedras, no Município de Campinas, SP, Brasil, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento. Com a base cartográfica do município, avaliaram-se o tamanho do fragmento e a tendência de formato alongado ou circular. Com base em dados cartográficos de 1962, 1972 e 2006, observou-se o declínio quantitativo e qualitativo dos fragmentos. Devido ao processo de urbanização não planejada do município, os fragmentos de menor área foram desmatados. Estes, apesar de não terem capacidade ecológica para sustentar níveis tróficos mais elevados, servem como trampolins ecológicos, contribuindo para o fluxo biológico. De maneira análoga, os remanescentes maiores também foram desmatados e sua área, reduzida. De maneira geral, o formato dos fragmentos passou a tender para o formato alongado, o que sugere maior contato entre os remanescentes e a matriz antrópica, aumentando, assim, a vulnerabilidade dos fragmentos. Destaca-se o caso do remanescente de Cerrado encontrado no extremo nordeste da bacia que possui tendência de formato alongado (IC = 0,62) e área reduzida (0,38 ha), mostrando-se, assim, muito vulnerável às pressões antrópicas. Assim, conclui-se que os fragmentos florestais da bacia hidrográfica estudada estão altamente vulneráveis.1063107

Ecologia da paisagem de remanescentes florestais na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão das Pedras - Campinas -SP

A fragmentação dos extratos florestais e o uso de terras, muitas vezes sem os cuidados necessários para mitigação dos impactos decorrentes das atividades antrópicas, geram ecossistemas fragilizados por fenômenos como o efeito de borda, ou seja, alterações localizadas nas áreas de contato entre a matriz antropizada e o remanescente florestal. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a fragilidade dos fragmentos encontrados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão das Pedras, no Município de Campinas, SP, Brasil, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento. Com a base cartográfica do município, avaliaram-se o tamanho do fragmento e a tendência de formato alongado ou circular. Com base em dados cartográficos de 1962, 1972 e 2006, observou-se o declínio quantitativo e qualitativo dos fragmentos. Devido ao processo de urbanização não planejada do município, os fragmentos de menor área foram desmatados. Estes, apesar de não terem capacidade ecológica para sustentar níveis tróficos mais elevados, servem como "trampolins ecológicos", contribuindo para o fluxo biológico. De maneira análoga, os remanescentes maiores também foram desmatados e sua área, reduzida. De maneira geral, o formato dos fragmentos passou a tender para o formato alongado, o que sugere maior contato entre os remanescentes e a matriz antrópica, aumentando, assim, a vulnerabilidade dos fragmentos. Destaca-se o caso do remanescente de Cerrado encontrado no extremo nordeste da bacia que possui tendência de formato alongado (IC = 0,62) e área reduzida (0,38 ha), mostrando-se, assim, muito vulnerável às pressões antrópicas. Assim, conclui-se que os fragmentos florestais da bacia hidrográfica estudada estão altamente vulneráveis