Seed mass of Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae): effects on emergence and seedling development under full sun and shade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth seeds mass on initial emergence, growth and, seedling development under different light conditions. The seeds were separated in four mass classes and sowed in four replicates of 24 seeds for each class, under full sun and canopy shade. Under sun environment was observed a greater percentage of emergence. Heavy seeds presented the greater percentage of emergence under both environments, but a greater rate was observed under canopy shade. One month after the start of experiments, the seedlings at the shade environment presented 100% of mortality. The growth and development seedlings under full sun were noticed for five months. In this period, only in the first three months was possible to observe the effects of Tecoma stans seeds mass on capacity of seedlings to acquire dry mass. The seedlings biomass partitions were similar among the tested mass class. The seedlings of smaller mass tended to a high specific leaf area in relation to the seedlings from large seeds, mainly in the first three months, resulting in a great acquisition of dry mass by these seedlings. In the fourth month, the specific leaf area did not present any tendency. Because the biggest seeds to give rise seedlings with best initial development than smallest seeds can be considered as species reproductive strategy. To produce seeds of different sizes also can be considered as way of species to spread in many microhabitats.Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da massa das sementes de Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth na emergência, no crescimento e no desenvolvimento inicial de suas plântulas sob diferentes condições de luminosidade. As sementes foram separadas em quatro classes de massa e semeadas em quatro réplicas de 24 sementes para cada classe, no sol e na sombra. No ambiente de sol ocorreu a maior porcentagem de emergência. Dentre as classes de massa, sementes maiores apresentaram maior porcentagem de emergência em ambos os ambientes, porém a maior velocidade foi observada na sombra. Após um mês do início do experimento as plântulas da sombra apresentaram 100% de mortalidade. O crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas no sol foram acompanhados mensalmente por um período de cinco meses. Neste período, foi possível observar os efeitos da massa das sementes de Tecoma stans no ganho de massa seca das plântulas nos três primeiros meses; a partir deste, a massa das sementes não teve efeito no ganho de matéria seca pelas plântulas. A partição da biomassa das plântulas não diferiu entre as classes de massa testadas. As plântulas de menor massa apresentaram uma tendência a uma maior área foliar específica em relação às plântulas originárias de sementes mais pesadas, principalmente nos três primeiros meses, resultando em um ganho maior de matéria seca das plântulas de menor classe de massa. Já no quarto mês, a área foliar específica não apresentou qualquer tendência. O fato de sementes maiores originarem plântulas com melhor desenvolvimento inicial quando comparadas com as sementes menores pode ser considerada como estratégia reprodutiva da espécie, assim como produzir sementes de diversos tamanhos pode ser considerado como uma maneira da espécie dispersar-se e colonizar um maior número de microambientes.CNPqFAPESPFUNDUNES

Seed weight of Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae): quality evaluation from X-ray and seedling emergence

Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) is a native species of the Brazilian Savannah (“Cerrado”) region, recommended for the recovery of degraded areas and also for medicinal use. Seeds of some species of the Annonaceae require a long period to germinate and many studies have focused on determining methods which can rapidly analyze seed quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. seeds in accordance to their weight, through X-ray images and emergence test. Seeds were collected from dehiscent follicles with a blower and one portion was separated into weight categories: very light seeds, light seeds and heavy seeds. Another seed portion was separated in water by their density, into those that sank and those that floated. The seeds from each weight category were weighed and X-rayed. A further seed portion from the categories (separated by blower and in water) was also placed in 500 mg L-1 of a solution [gibberellin 4 (GA4) + gibberellin 7 (GA7) and cytocinin] to overcome dormancy and was later sown in soil taken from the “Cerrado”. The internal seed morphology andseedling emergence of X. aromatica were influenced by seed weight. The elimination of badly formed and insect- infested seeds improved the physiological potential of the seed lot. The X-ray test can efficiently evaluate seed quality but does not permit a visualization of the embryos

Viabilidade de sementes de Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae) recém colhidas e armazenadas

Xylopia aromatica is a native species from Brazil's "Cerrado", recommended for restoration ecology and also as a medicine. Its seeds have embryos with morphophysiological dormancy, making nursery propagation difficult. The objective of this study was to verify the efficiency of X-ray and tetrazolium tests for evaluating the viability of three seed lots, stored for different periods. All seeds were X-rayed (13 kV, 350 seconds) and samples used for tetrazolium and germination tests. In the tetrazolium test, seeds were submitted to six treatments at two temperatures (25 and 30 °C) with imbibition in distilled water and immersion in three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.5, 0.75 and 1%) at the two imbibition temperatures. Seeds for the germination test were placed for imbibition in distilled water and a 500 ppm Promalin® (6-Benzyladenine + GA4 + GA7) solution and later sown in sterilized sand. The embryo could not be observed with the X-ray test. However, those seeds observed with an undamaged endosperm did not differ in the percentages of seeds with firm and stained endosperms observed in the tetrazolium test for all the lots. The tetrazolium test is efficient for evaluating seed viability, principally if imbibed at 30 °C and immersed in a 0.5% solution at 30 °C

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Seed rain, seed bank and natural regeneration under three species of early succession in a restored area at Iracemápolis (SP).

O presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a composição da regeneração natural, da chuva e do banco de sementes presentes sob a copa de três espécies de início de sucessão - Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), Cordia myxa L. (Boraginaceae) e Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) -, bem como avaliar as possíveis diferenças entre as comunidades que se formaram sob estas espécies. Tal estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área de mata restaurada, localizada no entorno da represa de abastecimento público do município de Iracemápolis (SP). Para tanto, foram marcados 15 indivíduos de cada espécie, sob os quais foram instalados dois coletores de sementes (1 m2 cada), de onde se coletou todos os propágulos depositados por um período de um ano, em coletas mensais. Sob cada um destes 45 indivíduos foi retirada uma amostra de solo (0,5 m x 0,5 m x 0,05 m), que foi posta a pleno sol, por oito semanas, para a avaliação da composição do banco de sementes. A regeneração natural foi avaliada na área de projeção das copas, em uma parcela circular de 2,5 m de raio, na qual se amostraram todos os indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas de 0,3 m a 2,0 m de altura. A chuva de sementes sob M. azedarach apresentou-se com maior densidade e sob C. myxa com maior riqueza (p < 0,05). Igualmente, a maior densidade de emergentes do banco de sementes foi observada nas amostras sob M. azedarach e a maior riqueza foi observada sob C. myxa. Quanto à regeneração natural, as comunidades sob as três espécies diferenciaram-se em relação à diversidade de espécies, maior sob os indivíduos de M. azedarach, e à estrutura da comunidade, que se apresentou mais alta sob C. myxa (p < 0,05). A maior parte dos indivíduos e espécies amostradas, tanto na chuva quanto no banco e na regeneração natural, pertencem aos estágios iniciais da sucessão secundária, sendo que muitas, dentre as mais abundantes, são exóticas. As três espécies formam nichos de regeneração, permitindo a germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas sob elas, influenciando, cada uma, na estrutura e composição das comunidades e contribuindo para a manutenção da diversidade. Por fim, alguns resultados obtidos através deste estudo são importantes para planejamento do monitoramento da área, o qual é fundamental para o emprego de medidas de intervenção, bem como para o entendimento da evolução da floresta que se forma.The present study describes the composition of natural regeneration, seed rain and seed bank under three early species - Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), Cordia myxa L. (Boraginaceae) e Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) - and evaluatuation of the possible differences among understory regeneration. The study area, a restored area, is located at the margins of city water reservatory at Iracemápolis (SP). For the study, 15 individuals were selected and under their crown the seed rain was monthly sampled through of the material deposited in 90 1 m x 1 m traps (two by individual). The seed bank was evaluated by 45 soil samples removed from 0,5 m x 0,5 m plots and 5 cm depth, placed under full sun for a period of eight weeks. The natural regeneration was evaluated in circular plots (17 m2), under projection of the crown , where all individuals of timber species, between 0,3 m and 2,0 m tall, were counted and identified. The seed rain under M. azedarach showed higher mean density and under C. myxa higher mean number of species (p < 0,05). Identically, the higher density of seedlings was found in soil samples under M. azedarach and higher number of species under C. myxa. For natural regeneration, the communities showed differences in species diversity, being higher under individuals of M. azedarach, and structure, under individuals of C. myxa was found higher number of seedlings (p < 0,05). The majority of individuals and species sampled is from early secondary succession species, and those species, most of them are exotics. The three species create microsites, allowing the seed germination and growth of seedling under their crowns, acting on community structure and contributing for the maintenance of diversity. Some results obtained in this study are important for projection of monitoring of this restored area, which is fundamental for intervention actions, as well as to the understanding of evolution of the forest under formation