Effect of uncaria tomentosa extract on purinergic enzyme activities in lymphocytes of rats submitted to experimental adjuvant arthritis model

Background: Considering that adjuvant arthritis is an experimental model of arthritis widely used for preclinical testing of numerous anti-arthritic agents, which were taken by a large number of patients worldwide, it is of great interest to investigate the therapeutic action of compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, such as Uncaria tomentosa extract. Moreover, there are no studies demonstrating the effect of U. tomentosa on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides published so far. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of U. tomentosa extract on E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities in lymphocytes of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) arthritis induced rats. Methods: To evaluate the effect of U. tomentosa extract on the activity of E-NTPDase and ADA in lymphocytes, the rats were submitted to an experimental adjuvant arthritis model. Peripheral lymphocytes were isolated and E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities were determined. Data were analyzed by a one- or two-way ANOVA. Post hoc analyses were carried out by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) Multiple Comparison Test. Results: E-NTPDase activity was increased in arthritic untreated. Arthritic rats which received U. tomentosa extract, presented similar results to the control group. However, results obtained for adenosine hydrolysis by E-ADA were not altered in arthritic rats. U. tomentosa extract did not alter E-NTPDase and E-ADA activity in healthy animals. Conclusions: The present investigation supports the hypothesis that the increased E-NTPDase activity verified in arthritic rats might be an attempt to maintain basal levels of ATP and ADP in the extracellular medium, since the arthritis induction causes tissue damage and, consequently, large amounts of ATP are released into this milieu. Also, it highlights the possibility to use U. tomentosa extract as an adjuvant to treat arthritis

Effect of uncaria tomentosa extract on purinergic enzyme activities in lymphocytes of rats submitted to experimental adjuvant arthritis model

Background: Considering that adjuvant arthritis is an experimental model of arthritis widely used for preclinical testing of numerous anti-arthritic agents, which were taken by a large number of patients worldwide, it is of great interest to investigate the therapeutic action of compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, such as Uncaria tomentosa extract. Moreover, there are no studies demonstrating the effect of U. tomentosa on the metabolism of adenine nucleotides published so far. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of U. tomentosa extract on E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities in lymphocytes of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) arthritis induced rats. Methods: To evaluate the effect of U. tomentosa extract on the activity of E-NTPDase and ADA in lymphocytes, the rats were submitted to an experimental adjuvant arthritis model. Peripheral lymphocytes were isolated and E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities were determined. Data were analyzed by a one- or two-way ANOVA. Post hoc analyses were carried out by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) Multiple Comparison Test. Results: E-NTPDase activity was increased in arthritic untreated. Arthritic rats which received U. tomentosa extract, presented similar results to the control group. However, results obtained for adenosine hydrolysis by E-ADA were not altered in arthritic rats. U. tomentosa extract did not alter E-NTPDase and E-ADA activity in healthy animals. Conclusions: The present investigation supports the hypothesis that the increased E-NTPDase activity verified in arthritic rats might be an attempt to maintain basal levels of ATP and ADP in the extracellular medium, since the arthritis induction causes tissue damage and, consequently, large amounts of ATP are released into this milieu. Also, it highlights the possibility to use U. tomentosa extract as an adjuvant to treat arthritis

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Atividade da NTPDase1 em linfócitos de humanos imunocompetentes e imunodeprimidos

Os linfócitos humanos apresentam na sua superfície a enzima NTPDase1 (ecto-apirase, ecto-difosfoidrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5), responsável pela hidrólise do ATP e ADP extracelular e/ou outros nucleotídeos di ou tri fosfatados. A determinação da atividade da enzima foi padronizada através de método colorimétrico, o qual quantifica o fosfato livre liberado durante a reação. A NTPDase1 foi caracterizada através da demonstração de condições ótimas de incubação, como dependência de cálcio, pH, tempo de incubação e temperatura ótimos, além da obtenção de parâmetros cinéticos. Os resultados obtidos foram confirmados por uma baixa expressão de CD39 nos linfócitos humanos, verificada por análise citométrica, com utilização de anticorpo monoclonal correspondente. Este fato indica um baixo estado de ativação dos linfócitos, uma vez que o CD39 é considerado um marcador de ativação destas células. Posteriormente, foi determinada a atividade da NTPDase1 em linfócitos de pacientes imunodeprimidos pela infecção causada pelo HIV, os quais são acompanhados pelo monitoramento de sua carga viral no plasma e contagem de células T CD4+. A infecção pelo HIV resulta em alterações nas células imunes e na secreção de citocinas importantes na resposta patógenos. Nesta situação pode haver alterações bioquímicas na resposta imune, como por exemplo, alterações na hidrólise de nucleotídeos, ou seja, na atividade das enzimas que degradam nucleotídeos extracelulares. Os linfócitos encontram-se em estado de ativação crônica, o que faz com que até mesmo células não-infectadas pelo vírus, possam sofrer apoptose por ativação de caspases efetoras. Através da determinação da atividade da NTPDase nos linfócitos imunodeprimidos, verificou-se um aumento de sua atividade, acompanhado por uma maior expressão de CD39 na superfície destas células. Estes resultados sugerem que a NTPDase1 é importante para a manutenção da resposta imune, mantendo concentrações adequadas de ATP extracelular, o qual é essencial para certas funções imunes, mas também pode ser prejudicial no momento que induz apoptose nos linfócitos, o que poderia aumentar o estado de imunodepressão. Devido ao fato de que muitos dos pacientes HIV-positivos recebem terapia anti-retroviral, foi necessário verificar in vitro possíveis efeitos destas drogas sobre a atividade da NTPDase1. Neste caso, observou-se que as concentrações terapêuticas destas drogas não afetaram a atividade da enzima. Sendo assim, a atividade aumentada da NTPDase1 nestes pacientes, não é devida à interferência da terapia anti-retroviral

Atividade da NTPDase1 em linfócitos de humanos imunocompetentes e imunodeprimidos

Os linfócitos humanos apresentam na sua superfície a enzima NTPDase1 (ecto-apirase, ecto-difosfoidrolase; CD39; EC 3.6.1.5), responsável pela hidrólise do ATP e ADP extracelular e/ou outros nucleotídeos di ou tri fosfatados. A determinação da atividade da enzima foi padronizada através de método colorimétrico, o qual quantifica o fosfato livre liberado durante a reação. A NTPDase1 foi caracterizada através da demonstração de condições ótimas de incubação, como dependência de cálcio, pH, tempo de incubação e temperatura ótimos, além da obtenção de parâmetros cinéticos. Os resultados obtidos foram confirmados por uma baixa expressão de CD39 nos linfócitos humanos, verificada por análise citométrica, com utilização de anticorpo monoclonal correspondente. Este fato indica um baixo estado de ativação dos linfócitos, uma vez que o CD39 é considerado um marcador de ativação destas células. Posteriormente, foi determinada a atividade da NTPDase1 em linfócitos de pacientes imunodeprimidos pela infecção causada pelo HIV, os quais são acompanhados pelo monitoramento de sua carga viral no plasma e contagem de células T CD4+. A infecção pelo HIV resulta em alterações nas células imunes e na secreção de citocinas importantes na resposta patógenos. Nesta situação pode haver alterações bioquímicas na resposta imune, como por exemplo, alterações na hidrólise de nucleotídeos, ou seja, na atividade das enzimas que degradam nucleotídeos extracelulares. Os linfócitos encontram-se em estado de ativação crônica, o que faz com que até mesmo células não-infectadas pelo vírus, possam sofrer apoptose por ativação de caspases efetoras. Através da determinação da atividade da NTPDase nos linfócitos imunodeprimidos, verificou-se um aumento de sua atividade, acompanhado por uma maior expressão de CD39 na superfície destas células. Estes resultados sugerem que a NTPDase1 é importante para a manutenção da resposta imune, mantendo concentrações adequadas de ATP extracelular, o qual é essencial para certas funções imunes, mas também pode ser prejudicial no momento que induz apoptose nos linfócitos, o que poderia aumentar o estado de imunodepressão. Devido ao fato de que muitos dos pacientes HIV-positivos recebem terapia anti-retroviral, foi necessário verificar in vitro possíveis efeitos destas drogas sobre a atividade da NTPDase1. Neste caso, observou-se que as concentrações terapêuticas destas drogas não afetaram a atividade da enzima. Sendo assim, a atividade aumentada da NTPDase1 nestes pacientes, não é devida à interferência da terapia anti-retroviral