Disability Employment Policy

This paper is the first in a series aimed at analyzing disability employment policy and developing recommendations for policy reform in middle income countries. As the first paper in this series, this study provides a general overview of the relationship between disability and employment, focusing primarily on disability employment policies in OECD countries. It discusses how well these policies address the dual functions of integration and income security, and reports on recent trends. A variety of policy tools are examined: full and partial disability cash benefits, vocational rehabilitation and training, supported work, sheltered and public sector employment, hiring quotas, tax incentives for employers, and anti-discrimination laws. A general set of recommendations are offered on designing disability employment policies in emerging economies

Disability employment policy

This paper is the first in a series aimed at analyzing disability employment policy, and developing recommendations for policy reform in middle income countries. As the first paper in this series, this study provides a general overview of the relationship between disability and employment, focusing primarily on disability employment policies in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. It discusses how well these policies address the dual functions of integration, and income security, and reports on recent trends. A variety of policy tools are examined: full and partial disability cash benefits, vocational rehabilitation and training, supported work, sheltered and public sector employment, hiring quotas, tax incentives for employers, and anti-discrimination laws. A general set of recommendations are offered on designing disability employment policies in emerging economies.Social Protections&Assistance,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Work&Working Conditions,Gender and Law,Social Cohesion

Beyond disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) : developing indicators to assess the impact of public health interventions on the lives of people with disabilities

This paper proposes two measures for assessing the impact of interventions on the lives of disabled people, the Activity Limitation Score (ALS) and the Participation restriction Score (PRS). These measures are closely linked to the World Health Organization's (WHO's) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the social model of disability. The authors believe these measures can become important tools in monitoring the implementation of the recently ratified United Nations (UN) convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. The structure of this paper is as follows: after briefly describing the social model of disability and the ICF, the authors present a series of indicators for capturing the functional status of individuals. Then, using household survey data from Zambia, the authors explore the usefulness of this measure as it relates to economic development outcomes.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Disease Control&Prevention,Population Policies,Disability,Housing&Human Habitats

Disability and poverty : a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications

In this paper the authors survey the World Bank poverty assessment literature to date on the relationship between disability and poverty.The authors find that using standard assumptions about the distribution of household consumption among household members and the typical way that poverty lines are set in World Bank poverty assessments, this relationship may not appear to be as quantitatively significant as common sense and anecdotal evidence would suggest.Their assessment is limited by the fact that household surveys which are used by the Bank to determine consumption and consumption-based poverty typically do not include any questions about the disability status of household members. Only in one region of the Bank's work, Europe and Central Asia, do the authors find poverty assessments with numeric poverty rates for households with disabled members. Other poverty assessments done in other regions of the Bank, in some cases, do provide data on disabled people in regard to employment, health, social assistance, or a related subject, but do not provide poverty rates per se. This literature is assessed in this work, and directions for further research the authors will undertake are indicated.Population Policies,,Access to Finance,Disability,Social Protections&Assistance

Does parental disability matter to child education ? evidence from Vietnam

This paper examines the effect of parental disability on school enrollment and educational performance for children in the 2006 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey. Results from instrumental-variables regressions indicate that children of parents with a disability have a lower enrollment rate in primary and secondary school of about 8 percentage points: 73 percent compared with 81 percent. However, the association of parental disability with educational performance is small and not statistically significant. The conclusion of the paper is that to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary school as well as increased coverage of secondary education, the government should have policies and programs that either directly support the education of children with disabled parents and/or have policies that support disabled adults, thus lessening the incentive for their children not to attend school.Disability,Primary Education,Gender and Law,Education For All,Youth and Governance

Product ban versus risk management by setting emission and technology requirements: The effect of different regulatory schemes taking the use of trichloroethylene in Sweden and Germany as an example

This report highlights the opportunities inherent in smart regulatory measures to effectively reduce risks related to hazardous substance emissions and exposure, and underscores the danger of simplistic and ineffective policy. The example of different regulatory approaches used in Germany and Sweden to regulate the use of trichloroethylene was taken as the basis for the study. During the 1990s, due to environmental, health and safety considerations, the use of trichloroethylene in Europe was a subject of broad concern. As a consequence, the use of trichloroethylene became regulated through multiple approaches, such as labelling, handling regulations and performance standards. Since that time the absolute emissions of trichloroethylene in Europe have been decreasing consistently in all member states. These results were achieved by various regulatory measures governing the use of trichloroethylene in industrial applications that have been introduced by individual Member States. However, given the implementation responsibility at Member State level not all member States have implemented the same set of regulatory measures. In Germany, for example, the use of trichloroethylene is regulated through strict technical standards for equipment and emissions that has required companies to replace existing old machines with the state-of-the-art equipment. In Sweden a general ban on trichloroethylene use was introduced in 1996, which however eventually evolved into an exemption permit system for companies that found no alternative to degreasing with trichloroethylene. --

Spatial Variation in the Disability-Poverty Correlation: Evidence from Vietnam

Poverty and disability are interrelated, but data that can disentangle to what extent one causes the other and vice versa is not available. However, data from Vietnam allows us to examine this interrelationship in a way not done previously. Using small area estimation techniques, we uncover three findings not yet found in the literature. First, disability prevalence rates vary significantly within a county even at the district level. Second, the correlation between disability and poverty also varies at the district level. And most importantly, the strength of that correlation lessens based on district characteristics that can be affected by policy. Districts with better health care and infrastructure, such as road and health services, show less of a link between disability and poverty, supporting the hypothesis that improvements in infrastructure and rehabilitation service can lessen the impact of disability on families with disabled members

Transmodernity in I the Supreme by Augusto Roa Bastos

El hilo que recorre el discurso en la novela Yo el supremo de Roa Batos, sobre la situación política en la voz del Dictador Perpetuo, personaje de la obra, puede considerarse un paradigma que revela tanto la modernidad, posmodernidad y la transmodernidad. En la historia, se evidencian las secuelas heredadas del colonialismo propio de la modernidad. La situación de la formación del gobierno del Paraguay a partir de la ruptura con España podría identificarse como resultado de la posición posmoderna. Y, finalmente, desde el autor a través del mencionado personaje, se evidencia una propuesta de transmodernidad, al considerar la realidad que se enfrenta, ya no como una mera continuidad casi mecánica de la modernidad, sino como una propuesta alterna desde lo que epistémicamente quedó marginado y lo que se vio influenciado por la modernidad. En esto último se sigue la propuesta de Dussel en torno a este tópico, razón que se explica dentro del artículo. Todo lo anterior, se desarrolla sobre una reflexión de lo político, lo económico y lo cultural . Incluso, la creación de la nación paraguaya bien puede ser una propuesta dentro de la narración, en la cual se puede identificar una posición orientada hacia una transmodernidad, más allá de la todavía eurocéntrica crisis de la modernidad, constituyéndose como una propuesta para ser escuchada. Quizás en ello, resulte importante considerar las reflexiones del Supremo, cuando dicta a Patiño, en su Cuaderno privado como en la Circular Perpetua , la reflexión acaso más acabada de su dialéctico camino hacia la transmodernidad.The thread that runs through the discourse in the novel Yo el supremo by Roa Batos, on the political situation in the voice of the Perpetual Dictator, a character in the work, can be considered a paradigm that reveals both modernity, postmodernity and transmodernity. In history, the inherited sequels of colonialism typical of modernity are evident. The situation of the formation of the government of Paraguay after the break with Spain could be identified as a result of the postmodern position. And, finally, from the author through the aforementioned character, a proposal of transmodernity is evidenced, when considering the reality that is faced, no longer as a mere almost mechanical continuity of modernity, but as an alternative proposal from what epistemically remained marginalized and what was influenced by modernity.In the latter, Dussel's proposal on this topic is followed, a reason that is explained in the article. All of the above is developed on a reflection of the political, the economic [1] and the cultural [2].Even the creation of the Paraguayan nation may well be a proposal within the narrative, in which a position oriented towards a transmodernity can be identified, beyond the still Eurocentric crisis of modernity, constituting itself as a proposal to be heard. Perhaps in this, it is important to consider the reflections of the Supreme, when he dictates to Patiño, in his private Notebook as in the Perpetual Circular [3], perhaps the most complete reflection of his dialectical path towards transmodernity

Rol de enfermería en la seguridad del paciente con disminución del gasto cardíaco en UCI

RESUMEN: La disminución del gasto cardiaco representa una entidad clínica compleja, que requiere intervenciones críticas y cuidados especializados en estadios avanzados o de descompensación. Es necesario así, que los profesionales de enfermería involucrados en la atención de estas personas, cuenten con el conocimiento necesario, dado que requieren alta complejidad, uso de dispositivos médicos especiales, tratamiento farmacológico específico y diferentes intervenciones, que al no ser adecuadamente implementadas, pueden atentar contra la seguridad de los pacientes, conllevando a la ocurrencia de eventos adversos. En el presente trabajo monográfico, se describe el rol de enfermería en la seguridad del paciente con disminución del gasto cardiaco en relación del uso de medicamentos y tecnología biomédica requerida en su manejo

Revision rates after primary hip and knee replacement in England between 2003 and 2006

<b>Background</b>: Hip and knee replacement are some of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the world. Resurfacing of the hip and unicondylar knee replacement are increasingly being used. There is relatively little evidence on their performance. To study performance of joint replacement in England, we investigated revision rates in the first 3 y after hip or knee replacement according to prosthesis type. <b>Methods and Findings</b>: We linked records of the National Joint Registry for England and Wales and the Hospital Episode Statistics for patients with a primary hip or knee replacement in the National Health Service in England between April 2003 and September 2006. Hospital Episode Statistics records of succeeding admissions were used to identify revisions for any reason. 76,576 patients with a primary hip replacement and 80,697 with a primary knee replacement were included (51% of all primary hip and knee replacements done in the English National Health Service). In hip patients, 3-y revision rates were 0.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8%–1.1%) with cemented, 2.0% (1.7%–2.3%) with cementless, 1.5% (1.1%–2.0% CI) with “hybrid” prostheses, and 2.6% (2.1%–3.1%) with hip resurfacing (p < 0.0001). Revision rates after hip resurfacing were increased especially in women. In knee patients, 3-y revision rates were 1.4% (1.2%–1.5% CI) with cemented, 1.5% (1.1%–2.1% CI) with cementless, and 2.8% (1.8%–4.5% CI) with unicondylar prostheses (p < 0.0001). Revision rates after knee replacement strongly decreased with age. <b>Interpretation</b>: Overall, about one in 75 patients needed a revision of their prosthesis within 3 y. On the basis of our data, consideration should be given to using hip resurfacing only in male patients and unicondylar knee replacement only in elderly patients