8,988 research outputs found
Disability Employment Policy
This paper is the first in a series aimed at analyzing disability employment policy and developing recommendations for policy reform in middle income countries. As the first paper in this series, this study provides a general overview of the relationship between disability and employment, focusing primarily on disability employment policies in OECD countries. It discusses how well these policies address the dual functions of integration and income security, and reports on recent trends. A variety of policy tools are examined: full and partial disability cash benefits, vocational rehabilitation and training, supported work, sheltered and public sector employment, hiring quotas, tax incentives for employers, and anti-discrimination laws. A general set of recommendations are offered on designing disability employment policies in emerging economies
Comparing Different Information Levels
Given a sequence of random variables suppose the aim
is to maximize one's return by picking a `favorable' . Obviously, the
expected payoff crucially depends on the information at hand. An optimally
informed person knows all the values and thus receives . We will compare this return to the expected payoffs of a number of
observers having less information, in particular , the value of
the sequence to a person who only knows the first moments of the random
variables.
In general, there is a stochastic environment (i.e. a class of random
variables ), and several levels of information. Given some , an observer possessing information obtains . We
are going to study `information sets' of the form
characterizing the advantage of relative to . Since such a set measures
the additional payoff by virtue of increased information, its analysis yields a
number of interesting results, in particular `prophet-type' inequalities.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure
Randomization does not help much, comparability does
Following Fisher, it is widely believed that randomization "relieves the
experimenter from the anxiety of considering innumerable causes by which the
data may be disturbed." In particular, it is said to control for known and
unknown nuisance factors that may considerably challenge the validity of a
result. Looking for quantitative advice, we study a number of straightforward,
mathematically simple models. However, they all demonstrate that the optimism
with respect to randomization is wishful thinking rather than based on fact. In
small to medium-sized samples, random allocation of units to treatments
typically yields a considerable imbalance between the groups, i.e., confounding
due to randomization is the rule rather than the exception.
In the second part of this contribution, we extend the reasoning to a number
of traditional arguments for and against randomization. This discussion is
rather non-technical, and at times even "foundational" (Frequentist vs.
Bayesian). However, its result turns out to be quite similar. While
randomization's contribution remains questionable, comparability contributes
much to a compelling conclusion. Summing up, classical experimentation based on
sound background theory and the systematic construction of exchangeable groups
seems to be advisable
Disability employment policy
This paper is the first in a series aimed at analyzing disability employment policy, and developing recommendations for policy reform in middle income countries. As the first paper in this series, this study provides a general overview of the relationship between disability and employment, focusing primarily on disability employment policies in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. It discusses how well these policies address the dual functions of integration, and income security, and reports on recent trends. A variety of policy tools are examined: full and partial disability cash benefits, vocational rehabilitation and training, supported work, sheltered and public sector employment, hiring quotas, tax incentives for employers, and anti-discrimination laws. A general set of recommendations are offered on designing disability employment policies in emerging economies.Social Protections&Assistance,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Work&Working Conditions,Gender and Law,Social Cohesion
Beyond disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) : developing indicators to assess the impact of public health interventions on the lives of people with disabilities
This paper proposes two measures for assessing the impact of interventions on the lives of disabled people, the Activity Limitation Score (ALS) and the Participation restriction Score (PRS). These measures are closely linked to the World Health Organization's (WHO's) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the social model of disability. The authors believe these measures can become important tools in monitoring the implementation of the recently ratified United Nations (UN) convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. The structure of this paper is as follows: after briefly describing the social model of disability and the ICF, the authors present a series of indicators for capturing the functional status of individuals. Then, using household survey data from Zambia, the authors explore the usefulness of this measure as it relates to economic development outcomes.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Disease Control&Prevention,Population Policies,Disability,Housing&Human Habitats
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