Gas Temperature and Radiative Heat Transfer in Oxy-fuel Flames

This work presents measurements of the gas temperature, including fluctuations, and its influence on the radiative heat transfer in oxy-fuel flames. The measurements were carried out in the Chalmers 100 kW oxy-fuel test unit. The in-furnace gas temperature was measured by a suction pyrometer and by an optical system based on FTIR-spectroscopy. The radiation intensity was measured by a Narrow Angle Radiometer and the gas radiation was calculated with a Statistical Narrow Band model. The overall agreement between the two temperature measurement techniques was good. The optical system showed a lower temperature than the suction pyrometer in the low velocity regions of the furnace, a difference which is likely to be an effect of the purge gas added in the optical probe. The measured temperature fluctuations were evaluated by modeling of the gas radiation. The influence from the measured fluctuations on the radiative heat transfer shows no effect of turbulence-radiation interaction. However, by comparing with temperature fluctuations in other flames it can be seen that the fluctuations measured here are relatively small. Further research is needed to clarify to which extent the applied methods can account for the turbulence-radiation interaction in the investigated flame

Ligand binding mechanism in steroid receptors; from conserved plasticity to differential evolutionary constraints

Steroid receptor drugs have been available for more than half a century, but details 24 of the ligand binding mechanism has remained elusive. We solved X-ray structures of 25 the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors to identify a conserved plasticity at 26 helix 6-7 region that extend the ligand binding pocket towards the receptor surface. 27 Since none of the endogenous ligands exploit this region, we hypothesized that it 28 constitutes an integral part of the binding event. Extensive all atom unbiased ligand 29 exit and entrance simulations corroborate a ligand binding pathway that gives the 30 observed structural plasticity a key functional role. Kinetic measurements reveal that 31 the receptor residence time correlate with structural rearrangements observed in both 32 structures and simulations. Ultimately, our findings reveal why nature has conserved 33 the capacity to open up this region and highlight how differences in the details of the 34 ligand entry process result in differential evolutionary constraints across the steroid 35 receptors.This study was supported by The European Research Council (2009-Adg25027-535 PELE) to V.G and by the SEV-2011-00067 grant of the Severo Ochoa Program. We 536 would like to acknowledge our AstraZeneca colleagues J. Hartleib, R.Unwin and 537 R.Knöll for helpful discussions. We also thank N. Blomberg (ELIXIR) and R. Neutze 538 (University of Gothenburg) for careful reading of the manuscript.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Cognitive and Motor Decline in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's Disease Dementia

Funding Information: The University of Stavanger supported M.C.G. The CamPaIGN study has received funding from the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, the Patrick Berthoud Trust, and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC‐1215‐20014). The ICICLE‐PD study was funded by Parkinson's UK (J‐0802, G‐1301, G‐1507) and supported by the Lockhart Parkinson's Disease Research Fund, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Unit and Centre based at Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University. The PICNICS study was funded by the Cure Parkinson's Trust, the Van Geest Foundation, the Medical Research Council, Parkinson's UK, and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC‐1215‐20014). The NYPUM study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council, Erling‐Persson Foundation, the Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden), Umeå University, Västerbotten County Council, King Gustaf V and Queen Victoria Freemason Foundation, Swedish Parkinson Foundation, Swedish Parkinson Research Foundation, Kempe Foundation, Swedish PD Association, the European Research Council, and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The PINE study was funded by Parkinson's UK (grant numbers G0502, G0914, and G1302), the Scottish Chief Scientist Office (CAF/12/05, PCL/17/10), Academy of Medical Sciences, NHS Grampian endowments, the BMA Doris Hillier award, RS Macdonald Trust, the BUPA Foundation, and SPRING. The PARKWEST study was supported by the Research Council of Norway (grant# 177966), the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (grant# 911218 and # 911949), Reberg legacy and the Norwegian Parkinson's Research Foundation. The PICC collaboration has been supported by The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (PCL/17/10), the Academy of Medical Sciences, Parkinson's UK (initial collaborator meeting) and the Norwegian Association for Public Health. The DEMVEST Study was supported by the regional health authorities of Western Norway, Helse‐Vest (grant# 911973). Motol University Hospital's Czech Brain Aging Study was supported by the National Institute for Neurological Research (Programme EXCELES, ID Project No. LX22NPO5107)—Funded by the European Union—Next Generation EU and by Charles University grant PRIMUS 22/MED/011. The Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeration (SPIN) cohort was supported by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitario (FIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/01126, PI17/01019 and PI20/01473 to JF, PI13/01532 and PI16/01825 to RB, PI18/00335 to MCI, PI18/00435 and INT19/00016 to DA, PI17/01896 and AC19/00103to AL) and the CIBERNED program (Program 1, Alzheimer Disease to AL), jointly funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Unión Europea, “Una manera de hacer Europa”. It was also supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIA grants 1R01AG056850‐01A1; R21AG056974; and R01AG061566), by Generalitat de Catalunya (2017‐SGR‐547, SLT006/17/125, SLT006/17/119, SLT002/16/408) and “Marató TV3” foundation grants 20141210, 044412 and 20142610. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The sponsors were not involved in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest relevant to this work. Funding Sources and Conflicts of Interest:Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Measurement and Modeling of Particle Radiation in Coal Flames

This work aims at developing a methodology that can provide information of in-flame particle radiation in industrial-scale flames. The method is based on a combination of experimental and modeling work. The experiments have been performed in the high-temperature zone of a 77 kWth swirling lignite flame. Spectral radiation, total radiative intensity, gas temperature, and gas composition were measured, and the radiative intensity in the furnace was modeled with an axisymmetric cylindrical radiation model using Mie theory for the particle properties and a statistical narrow-band model for the gas properties. The in-flame particle radiation was measured with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer connected to a water-cooled probe via fiber optics. In the cross-section of the flame investigated, the particles were found to be the dominating source of radiation. Apart from giving information about particle radiation and temperature, the methodology can also provide estimates of the amount of soot radiation and the maximum contribution from soot radiation compared to the total particle radiation. In the center position in the flame, the maximum contribution from soot radiation was estimated to be less than 40% of the particle radiation. As a validation of the methodology, the modeled total radiative intensity was compared to the total intensity measured with a narrow angle radiometer and the agreement in the results was good, supporting the validity of the used approach

Managing and Exploring Large Data Sets Generated by Liquid Separation - Mass Spectrometry

A trend in natural science and especially in analytical chemistry is the increasing need for analysis of a large number of complex samples with low analyte concentrations. Biological samples (urine, blood, plasma, cerebral spinal fluid, tissue etc.) are often suitable for analysis with liquid separation mass spectrometry (LS-MS), resulting in two-way data tables (time vs. m/z). Such biological 'fingerprints' taken for all samples in a study correspond to a large amount of data. Detailed characterization requires a high sampling rate in combination with high mass resolution and wide mass range, which presents a challenge in data handling and exploration. This thesis describes methods for managing and exploring large data sets made up of such detailed 'fingerprints' (represented as data matrices). The methods were implemented as scripts and functions in Matlab, a wide-spread environment for matrix manipulations. A single-file structure to hold the imported data facilitated both easy access and fast manipulation. Routines for baseline removal and noise reduction were intended to reduce the amount of data without loosing relevant information. A tool for visualizing and exploring single runs was also included. When comparing two or more 'fingerprints' they usually have to be aligned due to unintended shifts in analyte positions in time and m/z. A PCA-like multivariate method proved to be less sensitive to such shifts, and an ANOVA implementation made it easier to find systematic differences within the data sets. The above strategies and methods were applied to complex samples such as plasma, protein digests, and urine. The field of application included urine profiling (paracetamole intake; beverage effects), peptide mapping (different digestion protocols) and search for potential biomarkers (appendicitis diagnosis) . The influence of the experimental factors was visualized by PCA score plots as well as clustering diagrams (dendrograms)

Experimental and modelling studies of radiative heat transfer in flames

Combustion of solid fuels is used extensively for electricity generation purposes. However, combustion of fossil fuels leads to CO2 emissions which enhance the greenhouse gas effect. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a proposed solution where the CO2 is captured and stored instead of being emitted to the atmosphere. One of the main CCS technologies considered is oxy-fuel combustion. In the present work, the radiative heat transfer occurring in both air-fuel and oxy-fuel atmospheres are investigated. The most common technique for combustion of solid fuels is pulverized coal combustion. Coal is milled and fed to the furnace in a number of burners where the coal is combusted. In the furnace radiative heat transfer is the dominating heat transfer mechanism and both particles and gases contribute to this heat transfer. In oxy-fuel combustion, the air is replaced by oxygen and recirculated flue gases, providing a N2-free flue gas. This changes the radiative properties of the gas and enables flexible operation of the furnaces which requires a fundamental understanding of the heat transfer in the combustion chamber. This work is therefore focused on radiative heat transfer with special emphasis on particle radiation which is an important topic both in air- and oxy-fuel flames. This work combines experimental work and modelling with the aim to discuss and answer important questions related to radiation in coal and gas-fired flames. The two topics in focus are particle radiation and Turbulence-Radiation Interaction. The experimental work has been performed in the Chalmers 100 kW oxy-fuel test unit. A new methodology has been developed to study the particle radiation in coal flames. The method consists of a combination of experimental and modelling work. The experiments include measurements of spectrally resolved radiation, total radiative intensity, gas temperature and gas composition. The spectrally resolved radiation was measured with an FTIR-based probe technique which provides simultaneous estimation of the particle temperature and the amount of particles present in the flame. The radiation modelling is based on particle properties from the Mie-theory and a Statistical Narrow-Band model for the gas properties. The radiative intensity was calculated and finally compared with the measured total radiative intensity with a Narrow Angle Radiometer. The modelled and measured intensity agrees well, which demonstrates the potential of the methodology. The methodology also makes it possible to estimate the soot volume fraction and the contribution from soot to the total particle radiation. The results showed that the soot volume fraction in the centre position of the investigated flame is approximately 1e-7 and that the soot contributes with maximum 40% of the total particle radiation. The Turbulence-Radiation Interactions was evaluated with a simplified model where the temperature fluctuations were measured with the FTIR-based system. The investigation was carried out in two oxy-fuel and one air-fired propane flame. Fluctuations in gas temperature of up to 400 K were seen, but the influence from these fluctuations on the radiative heat transfer was negligible. The temperature fluctuations observed in both the air-fired and the oxy-fuel flames were in the same order of magnitud

Katjoniserade tanniner som retentionsmedel för cellulosafibrer

Cationized tannins as a retention aid for cellulose fibre Daniel Bäckström   Abstract The purpose of this study was to try cationized tannins as a potential retention aid for cellulose fibres in papermaking and to compare their potential with starch which already is commonly used. The study also tried to find other advantages with using tannins as a retention aid. Synthetic retention aids like polyacrylamide is also commonly used in papermaking, with good results. Synthetic retention aids are long-lived and their long-term effect on the environment is unkown. Therefore the demands are growing for more bio-degradable products. Measure glass, turbidity removal and COD was used in this study to analyse tannins as a retention aid on cellulose fibres. The results showed very clear water and a higher flocculation compared to the glass without tannins. 500 ppm tannins added to recycled fibres showed the best results for both flocculation and clear water as well as the highest turbidity removal, from 85 to 24 FTU. Different tannins was used in this study, and Tanfloc from the bark of the Acacia tree showed the best results. In the comparison between cationized starch and Tanfloc, Tanfloc showed better results for both flocculation and clearer water. Tannins shows potential as a retention aid for cellulose fibres, but clearer water and higher flocculation is not enough to determine tannins as a retention aid. They also show potential to solve the problem with bacteria in paper making because of their antibacterial effect. However, more tests and other methods needs to be done to show tannins potential as a retention aid

Managing and Exploring Large Data Sets Generated by Liquid Separation - Mass Spectrometry

A trend in natural science and especially in analytical chemistry is the increasing need for analysis of a large number of complex samples with low analyte concentrations. Biological samples (urine, blood, plasma, cerebral spinal fluid, tissue etc.) are often suitable for analysis with liquid separation mass spectrometry (LS-MS), resulting in two-way data tables (time vs. m/z). Such biological 'fingerprints' taken for all samples in a study correspond to a large amount of data. Detailed characterization requires a high sampling rate in combination with high mass resolution and wide mass range, which presents a challenge in data handling and exploration. This thesis describes methods for managing and exploring large data sets made up of such detailed 'fingerprints' (represented as data matrices). The methods were implemented as scripts and functions in Matlab, a wide-spread environment for matrix manipulations. A single-file structure to hold the imported data facilitated both easy access and fast manipulation. Routines for baseline removal and noise reduction were intended to reduce the amount of data without loosing relevant information. A tool for visualizing and exploring single runs was also included. When comparing two or more 'fingerprints' they usually have to be aligned due to unintended shifts in analyte positions in time and m/z. A PCA-like multivariate method proved to be less sensitive to such shifts, and an ANOVA implementation made it easier to find systematic differences within the data sets. The above strategies and methods were applied to complex samples such as plasma, protein digests, and urine. The field of application included urine profiling (paracetamole intake; beverage effects), peptide mapping (different digestion protocols) and search for potential biomarkers (appendicitis diagnosis) . The influence of the experimental factors was visualized by PCA score plots as well as clustering diagrams (dendrograms)

Meta-Reality, hype or major innovation

Instruments for 3D computing have been market tested and manufactured at scale only recently. This thesis will cover the Augmented Reality market and explain how the tech- nology work and looks like. The motive is to with these instruments design and develop a fashionable set of meta- reality glasses that pairs with a mobile phone (computational device). This device will use tracking sensors to receive gesture commands from the user to the computer, which leaves the user completely free to interact with the surrounding world. Augmented Reality is when graphic overlays of various information is displayed into the field of view of a user. The display system is either a contact or eyewear lens which is completely transparent and does not block the vision. The displayed content will have several sources. Some are location based and other device signals, networks or moving objects. Virtual and real world moving objects need to correlate to the users heads position and line of sight. My research suggests that most of big technology companies are switching focus on to development of Mixed Reality systems and instruments. Some sources say that this industry will outgrow the mobile phone market with over 300% within the next 10 years.Augmented Reality (AR), även känt som Mixed Reality (MR) är nya datorplattformar som ger användaren möjligheten att frigöra sej från traditionella 2D skärmar, till 3D upplevelser av digitalt innehåll som passar användarens omgivning och position. Till skillnad från Virtual Reality (VR) där användarens sinnen är totalt nedsänkta i en ersatt verklighet, är Augmented Reality digitala överlägg i användarens omgivning. De instrument vilka är avgörande för 3D-datorer har testats på marknaden i.o.m huvudmonterade Virtual Reality maskiner, och kan nu produceras i stor skala. Denna avhandling behandlar Augmented Reality marknaden och förklarar hur teknologin fungerar och hur produkterna ser ut idag. Mitt motiv är att med dessa instrument designa och utveckla ett par trendiga meta- reality glasögon som man parar ihop med en mobiltelefon. Denna apparat använder sej av ett antal sensorer för att registrera kroppspråk och handsignaler med ett syfte att lämna händerna fria att ströva runt i den riktiga världen samt manipulera de digitala överläggen. VD:n för Apple, Tim Cook säger att Mixed Reality apparater är framtidens maskiner och möjligtvis parar ihop sej med eller ersätter I-Phone produkten inom när framtid. Många stora teknologiföretag, Samsung, Microsoft, Sony, Facebook, Snapchat, Google har börjat utveckla sina egna flaggskepp MR-produkter som vi senare kommer att fördjupa oss i denna avhandling.Mixed Reality on yleistermi joka käsittää virtuaali- (VR) ja lisättyä todellisuutta (AR) teknologian kannalta. Lisätty todellisuus on kun eri graafiset peittokuvat ja tiedot jäävät näkyväksi käyttäjän näkökenttään. Näyttö on joko kontakti- tai silmälasien linssi joka ei estä käyttäjän näköpiiriä. VR on aistien uppoutuminen kokonaiseen virtuaalitodellisuuteen jolloin käyttäjä on eristynyt oikeasta maailmasta eikä ole tietoinen mitä ympärillä tapahtuu. Välineet jotka tarvitaan AR:än mahdollistamiseksi ovat markkinoilla testattu ja valmistettu mittakaavassa vasta äskettäin. Tämä opinnäytetyö käsittelee lisättyä todellisuutta teknologian ja markkinoiden näkökulmasta. Motiivina on kehittää ja suunnitella muodikkaat meta-reality lasit jotka toimivat matkapuhelimen kanssa. Kyseinen laite käyttää antureita joka lukee käyttäjän liikkeitä ja tulkitsee nämä käyttöliittymäksi joka jättää käyttäjän vapaaksi olla vuorovaikutuksessa ympäröivän maailman kanssa. Tutkimukseni osoittaa että useimmat suuret teknologiayritykset keskittyvät kehittämään omia MR-järjestelmiä ja että tämä teknologia on kehittymässä huimaa vauhtia. Applen toimitusjohtajan, Tim Cookin mukaan AR:ästä voi tulla niin iso trendi että AR-lasit saattavat jopa korvata älypuhelimen kymmenen vuoden sisäällä.Till slutarbetet hör en förlängd forskning som gicks genom under thesisforum. Till presentationen hörde en teknologi-timeline samt de allra senaste utvecklingarna inom industrin (Q1 och Q2) 2017