The Shortfall in Development Investment: a comment on Jayawardena's proposal

SUMMARY The spirit behind Jayawardena's proposal for a new recycling mechanism is more important than the details, which can be faulted on several counts. It emphasises interdependence, the need for a unilateral gesture by the EEC during a period of soft oil prices, and the need for reciprocal action from the oil surplus countries. However, these three elements can be woven together into a different, more viable pattern. An alternative approach would be for developing countries to set up sectoral priority programmes, designed in consultation with surplus countries. These would then form a framework for private, decentralised initiatives in which risk capital from both developed and OPEC states would enter into joint ventures with local interests. RESUMEN El déficit en la inversión para el desarrollo. Un comentaio sobre la proposición de Jayawardena El espíritu que sustenta la proposición de Jayawardena, para un nuevo mecanismo de reciclaje, es más importante que los detalles, los cuales pueden ser defectuosos en varios aspectos. La proposición enfatiza la interdependencia, la necesidad de un gesto unilateral de la CEE durante un período de bajos precios del petróleo y de una acción reciproca de los países excedentarios de petróleo. Sin embargo, estos tres elementos pueden entrelazarse en un modelo diferente, con mayor viabilidad. Un enfoque alternativo para los países en desarrollo, podría consistir eestablecer programas sectoriales prioritarios, diseñados en consulta con los países excedentarios. A su vez, éstos formarían un sistema para iniciativas privadas descentralizadas, en et cual el capital invertido, tanto de los estados desarrollados como de los de la OPEP, entraría en empresas conjuntas con intereses locales. RÉSUMÉ L'Insuffisance de l'Investìssement dans le Développement: un commentaire sur la proposition de Jayawardena L'idée derrière la proposition de Jayawardena d'un nouveau mécanisme de recyclage est plus importante que les détails, qui peuvent s'avérer faux sur plusieurs points. Elle souligne l'importance de l'interdépendance, le besoin d'une action unilatérale de la part de la CEE à une période où les prix du pétrole sont modérés, et le besoin d'une action réciproque de la part des pays excédentaires de pétrole. Toutefois, ces trois éléments peuvent être regroupés et ainsi créer un plan différent et plus viable. Une autre approche serait une mise en place par les pays en voie de développement de programmes prioritaires par secteur, élaborés en collaboration avec les pays excédentaires. Ils formeraient ainsi un encadrement pour des initiatives privées et décentralisées où les capitaux risqués à la fois par les pays développés et les pays del'OPEPseraient investis dans des projets liés aux intérêts locau

Informer sur la durabilité des biens et services :

Summary : French legislation about consumer information is evolving towards mandatory providing of informations on goods and services sustainability, especially environmental labelling. Examining the relations of such consumer information with different modes of environmental governance, we first underline implicit hypothesis of such a way of functionning. We then examine the principal french cases of environmental information about goods and services, in order to bring to light problems that will have to be solved if such an information is to be pertinent. From these considerations emerge new presuppositions and new questions for information systems, which constitute what can be considered as a new paradigm. By enlightening the effectiveness conditions for this new function of information systems, this work shows the direction for new research paths about role and practical implementation of information systems.information systems. environmental labelling. sustainability. paradigms.

La taxe nationale sur les véhicules de transport routier de marchandises : écotaxe ou redevance ?

La taxe nationale sur les véhicules de transport routier de marchandises a été présentée en octobre 2008, un an après le Grenelle de l'Environnement, comme un instrument de limitation des émissions de GES (Gaz à Effet de Serre). Or, l'étude du modèle français actuellement à l'œuvre en matière de fiscalité énergétique révèle d'une part qu'il est incapable d'internaliser pleinement les externalités des GES mais également que l'introduction de cette nouvelle taxe augmenterait les distorsions déjà constatées. Dans ce contexte, la taxe nationale sur les véhicules de transport routier de marchandises ne peut pas être considérée comme une écotaxe, mais doit simplement être considérée comme une redevance d'usage d'un réseau d'infrastructures, ce qui correspond à son mode de calcul.Taxe ; CO2 ; transport ; redevance ; écotaxe ; France

Sur l'origine des vacuoles et de l'anthocyane dans les feuilles du Rosier

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Comparing Energy intensity Results for Commercial Fisheries in France

The main objectives assigned to ecosystemic indices are to fuel the debate on the best ways to reduce the impact of global warming. Fishing activities are also concerned with the debate. The assessments carried out about fish products show that the use of fuel in the fishing stage has the strongest impact on the environment. This paper addresses the issue of the significance of energy intensity from results obtained for French fishing fleets. The Atlantic French fleet exploits a hundred commercial species or more, but only a few of them are targeted. Energy intensity is estimated on the basis of global production (target and by-catch) using allocation methods. It is then possible to calculate energy needs for individual species. Moreover, fishing gears are separated in two groups, active and passive methods. Methods used in the paper are very close to Life Cycle Assessment methodology but restricting system boundaries to fishing sector. International studies devoted to energy intensity in fisheries concluded that fishing fleets are the main polluters compared to transportation of fish products and marketing sectors (land-based processors and fishmongers). Compared with measures from other international studies, the results prove to be lower when the scale of analysis is large. Quantifying intensity energy on a global scale for fisheries could then be called into question

Cryptic Haploid Stages in the Life Cycle of Leathesia marina (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) Under In Vitro Culture

We evaluated the life cycle of Leathesia marina through molecular analyses, culture studies, morphological observations, and ploidy measurements. Macroscopic sporophytes were collected from two localities in Atlantic Patagonia and were cultured under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Molecular identification of the microscopic and macroscopic phases was performed through the cox3 and rbcL genes and the phylogeny was assessed on the basis of single gene and concatenated datasets. Nuclear ploidy of each phase was estimated from the DNA contents of individual nuclei through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Molecular results confirmed the identity of the Argentinian specimens as L. marina and revealed their conspecificity with L. marina from New Zealand, Germany, and Japan. The sporophytic macrothalli (2n) released mitospores from plurilocular sporangia, which developed into globular microthalli (2n), morphologically similar to the sporophytes but not in size, constituting a generation of small diploid thalli, with a mean fluorescent nuclei cross-sectional area of 3.21 ± 0.7 μm2. The unilocular sporangia released meiospores that developed two morphologically different types of microthalli: erect branched microthalli (n) with a nuclear area of 1.48 ± 0.07 µm2 that reproduces asexually, and prostrate branched microthalli (n) with a nuclear area of 1.24 ± 0.10 µm2 that reproduces sexually. The prostrate microthalli released gametes in LD conditions, which merged and produced macroscopic thalli with a nuclear cross-sectional area of 3.45 ± 0.09 µm2. Flow cytometry confirmed that the erect and prostrate microthalli were haploid and that the globular microthalli and macrothalli were diploid.Fil: Poza, Ailen Melisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Santiañez, Wilfred John E.. Hokkaido University; Japón. University of the Philippines Diliman; FilipinasFil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Gauna, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Kogame, Kazuhiro. Hokkaido University; JapónFil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentin

Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits Langerhans cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission.

International audienceUpon its mucosal entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is internalized by Langerhans cells (LCs) in stratified epithelia and transferred locally to T cells. In such epithelia, LCs are in direct contact with peripheral neurons secreting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Although CGRP has immunomodulatory effects on LC functions, its potential influence on the interactions between LCs and HIV-1 is unknown. We show that CGRP acts via its receptor expressed by LCs and interferes with multiple steps of LC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. CGRP increases langerin expression, decreases selected integrins, and activates NF-κB, resulting in decreased HIV-1 intracellular content, limited formation of LC-T cell conjugates, and elevated secretion of the CCR5-binding chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α. These mechanisms cooperate to efficiently inhibit HIV-1 transfer from LCs to T cells and T cell infection. In vivo, HIV-1 infection decreases CGRP plasma levels in both vaginally SHIV-challenged macaques and HIV-1-infected individuals. CGRP plasma levels return to baseline after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Our results reveal a novel path by which a peripheral neuropeptide acts at the molecular and cellular levels to limit mucosal HIV-1 transmission and suggest that CGRP receptor agonists might be used therapeutically against HIV-1

Palaeomagnetism of the Ordovician dolerites of the Crozon Peninsula (France)

In order to obtain a Lower Palaeozoic pole for the Armorican Massif and to test the origin of the Ibero-Armorican arc, the Ordovician dolerites of the Crozon peninsula have been palaeomagnetically studied. The samples show a multicomponent magnetization which has been revealed by AF and thermal demagnetization and thoroughly investigated with rock magnetic experiments, polished section examinations and K/Ar dating. Four groups of directions have been recognized, often superimposed on each other in an individual sample. One component (D) has always the lowest blocking temperatures and coercivities and is considered to be of viscous origin, acquired recently in situ or in the laboratory during storage. Two components (A and B) are interpreted to be of secondary origin and to correspond to the observed K/Ar age distribution between 300 and 190 Myr. These ages represent the time interval between two regional thermo-tectonic events, associated with the Hercynian orogeny and the intrusion of dykes related to the early opening of the Central Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay. A fourth component (C) could be of Ordovician or younger Palaeozoic age; it is not clear whether the age of the magnetization is pre- or post-folding, but a pre-folding age would yield a direction of magnetization similar to Ordovician results from the Iberian peninsula. The latter interpretation suggests a fairly high palaeolatitude, which is in agreement with a glacio-marine postulated for sediments overlying the dolerite sills.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73214/1/j.1365-246X.1983.tb03785.x.pd

Abscisic acid induced a negative geotropic response in dark-incubated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

© 2019, The Author(s). The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a role in stresses that alter plant water status and may also regulate root gravitropism and hydrotropism. ABA also exists in the aquatic algal progenitors of land plants, but other than its involvement in stress responses, its physiological role in these microorganisms remains elusive. We show that exogenous ABA significantly altered the HCO3− uptake of Chamydomonas reinhardtii in a light-intensity-dependent manner. In high light ABA enhanced HCO3− uptake, while under low light uptake was diminished. In the dark, ABA induced a negative geotropic movement of the algae to an extent dependent on the time of sampling during the light/dark cycle. The algae also showed a differential, light-dependent directional taxis response to a fixed ABA source, moving horizontally towards the source in the light and away in the dark. We conclude that light and ABA signal competitively in order for algae to position themselves in the water column to minimise photo-oxidative stress and optimise photosynthetic efficiency. We suggest that the development of this response mechanism in motile algae may have been an important step in the evolution of terrestrial plants and that its retention therein strongly implicates ABA in the regulation of their relevant tropisms