Impact Of Marketing Strategies And Performance Of Banks And Its Ffects On Nigeria Economy

The banking industry has been facing a lot of challenges in recent times in Nigeria. These include competition among them and non banking financial institutions such as insurance Companies. Therefore this research, impact of marketing strategies and performance of banks and its effects on Nigeria economy is aimed tonbsp identify the various types of the marketing mix components employed by thenbsp banks . to examine the effect of the marketing strategies on the performance of the banks. Andnbsp to determine if the marketing strategies employed by the Banks differ significantly from one another. Questionnaire was administered on two population which arenbsp Management andnbsp staff of thenbsp banks and customers of thenbsp banks. 250 questionnaire was administered tonbsp Management andnbsp staff of thenbsp banks,nbsp and also 250 was administered to customers of the bank in Nigeria. Result of the analysis revealed four factors which were distribution network, quality of service, promotion and price with the percentage contribution of each factor being 51.9%, 73.6%, 31.2% and 38.5% respectively. Multiple regression analysis shows that R2 = 0.563 which indicated that the four factor accounted for 56% variability in the performance ofnbsp marketing strategies employed by the banks. The result of the analysis of variance indicated that the mean ratings for thenbsp banks were not significantly different at 0.05level. We thereby conclude that banks should focus its innovative efforts on enlarging the size of the market in which it participates by introducing new products and services, promoting new uses for existing products and seeking out new class of customers

Dengue virus is hyperendemic in Nigeria from 2009 to 2020: A contemporary systematic review

Backround: Data on Dengue virus (DENV) infection prevalence, geographic distribution and risk factors are necessary to direct appropriate utilization of existing and emerging control strategies. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence, risk factors of DENV infection and the circulating serotypes within Nigeria from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2020. Materials and methods: Twenty-one studies out of 2,215 available articles were eligible and included for this systematic review. Relevant articles were searched, screened and included in this study according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The risk of bias in primary studies was assessed by Cochrane's method. Heterogeneity of pooled prevalence was calculated using the chi-square test on Cochrane's Q statistic, which was quantified by I-square values. The random-effects analyses of proportions were used to determine the pooled prevalence of DENV antibodies, antigen and RNA from eligible studies. Results: Of these, 3 studies reported co-circulation of all the 4 serotypes, while 2 separately reported co-circulation of DENV-1 &2 and DENV-1 to -3. All the antibody-based studies had significantly high heterogeneity (I2 >90%, P 0.05). The pooled prevalence of DENV IgM, IgG, RNA, NS1 and neutralizing antibodies were 16.8%, 34.7%, 7.7%, 7.7% and 0.7%, respectively. Southeast Nigeria had the highest pooled DENV-IgG seropositivity, 77.1%. Marital status, gender, educational level and occupation status, the proximity of residence to refuse dumpsite, frequent use of trousers and long sleeve shirts were significantly associated with DENV IgG seropositivity (P <0.05). Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be inferred that Nigeria is hyperendemic for Dengue fever and needs concerted efforts to control its spread within and outside the country

Epidemiology of subtypes of HPV type 16 and 18 in Abuja metropolis

Background: Worldwide , invasive&nbsp; cervical&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; cancer (ICC) is the second most common&nbsp; cancer&nbsp; in women&nbsp; which is a matter of great concern. Approximately 470,000 new cases&nbsp; and 230,000 deaths occur&nbsp; annually. Eighty percent of Invasive Cervical-Cancer related deaths occur in developing countries. The incidence of ICC is highest&nbsp; in Latin&nbsp; America, the Caribbean, Subsaharan&nbsp; Africa and South&nbsp; Asia and considerably lower in North America and Western Europe. The sole aetiology has been pegged to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).Method: Three thousand eight&nbsp; hundred&nbsp; and eighty five [3,885] completely randomized&nbsp; samples&nbsp; of cervical, prostate, seminal fluid and anal&nbsp; tissues&nbsp; were obtained&nbsp; by first administering informed consent research questionnaires to the subjects and the health service providers. Koilocytes&nbsp; were qualitatively assayed for&nbsp; using the Haematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques; positive samples were further assayed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the post PCR assays(Southern Blotting Assay). Bioinformatics methods&nbsp; were adopted from gene bank to create molecular genetic information of other related high risk HPV types compared with types 16 &amp; 18 specifically assayed for using the relevant primers and probes. The&nbsp; forward primer&nbsp; was&nbsp; AJ HPV For 5 1 TTT GTT ACCCT GTTG&nbsp; GTA GAT&nbsp; ATA&nbsp; CTA&nbsp; C 31 and&nbsp; the reverse Primer was ; AJ HPV Rev 51 GAA AAA TAA&nbsp; ACT GTA AAT CAT&nbsp; ATT----31 ; These were used alongside their appropriate probes. Result: The results showed that in male cohort, HPV type 18&nbsp; E7 had total prevalence of 17/100(17%) (Prostatic tissue14/100 (14% ) and anal tissue 3/100 ( 3%) . In female cohorts, type 18 E7&nbsp;&nbsp; had total&nbsp; of&nbsp; Cervical&nbsp; tissue scrapings&nbsp; 100/900&nbsp; and Anal tissue 10/900 (12.2%). HPV type 18&nbsp; E6 had total prevalence of 28/100 (28%)&nbsp; Prostatic tissue 24/100 (24%) and anal tissue 4/100 (4%) . In female cohorts, type 18 E6 had total&nbsp; of Cervical tissue scrapings&nbsp; 170/900&nbsp; and Anal tissue 22/900 (22.2%). HPV type 16 E7 in male cohort had total prevalence of 17.0/100 (17.0%)&nbsp; Prostatic tissue 15.0/100 (15.0%) and anal tissue 2.0/100 (2.0%) . In female cohorts, type 16 E7 had total of Cervical&nbsp; tissue scrapings&nbsp; 110/900&nbsp; and Anal tissue 10/900&nbsp; (13.0%). HPV type 16&nbsp; E6 had total prevalence of 24/100 (24%) ( Prostatic tissue 20/100 (20%) and anal tissue 4/100 (4%). In female cohorts, type 16 E6 had total of (Cervical&nbsp; tissue scrapings&nbsp; 170/900 and Anal tissue 60/900 (25.5%). Bioinformatics analysis using CLC FREE WORK BENCH revealed that some queried sample sequences aligned perfectly with standard isolates sequences. In Abuja metropolis, we had subtypes similar to the standard HPV 16 and 18 isolates used in the assay.Conclusion: HPV types 18 and 16&nbsp; are predominant&nbsp; in&nbsp; Abuja Metropolis as these samples were randomly collected from different locations, Wuse, Asokoro, Garki, Gwagwalada, and Abaji all in FCT, Nigeria. These were found in significant proportion (P&lt;0.05) in&nbsp; archival Male cohorts prostatic tissues contrary to the expectations of most clinicians

RICE BLAST PATHOGENICITY AND ITS EFFECT ON SOME RICE CULTIVARS IN NIGERIA

Screen house experiment to compare the virulence of blast inoculum collected at various locations in Nigeria and its effects on some rice cultivars were determined at Badeggi Central Nigeria. The blast inoculum was collected from some locations in North West, North East. North Central, South East and South West of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a factorial design fitted into a split plot. There were 60 treatment combinations. The rice cultivars serve as the main plot while the inoculum serves as the subplot. The experiment was replicated three times. Inoculation was done at two weeks after sowing with a control plot that was not inoculated. Leaf, neck and panicle blast were scored on all the buckets. Also grain weight at harvest was scored. Result indicated that blast pathogen from South west was most virulent. Blast pathogen from South East was the second most virulent on all the varieties of rice tested. Blast pathogens from North East and North Central were almost the same in terms of pathogenicity on all the varieties of rice tested. Blast pathogen from North West was the least virulent on all the varieties of rice tested. There was a progressive increase in pathogenicity from the day of inoculation to 4 weeks after inoculation across all the treatments. The result showed that the local varieties used in the trial holds promise for blast control and for breeding for blast resistant varieties

Relationship of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with quality of life in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Heart failure is a complex clinical manifestation due to diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV). Diastolic dysfunction of the LV plays an important role in worsening the quality of life (QoL) in heart failure patients. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the severity or grade of LV diastolic dysfunction and QoL in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Cardiac Center of H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, Indonesia, from January 2022 to December 2022. This study included inpatients and outpatients aged above 18 years who were diagnosed with HFrEF, identified by echocardiography with an ejection fraction of ≤40%. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and QoL was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) 6–12 months after the severity of LV diastolic dysfunction was confirmed. The MLHFQ was classified into good and poor QoL. The severity of LV diastolic function was measured using the E/A ratio, mean E/e' ratio, tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TR Vmax), and left atrial volume index (LAVI), and was classified into grades I, II, and III. The relationships between the severity of diastolic dysfunction and other factors with QoL were measured using Chi-squared, Fisher's exact test, or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. A total of 96 patients were included in the study, of which 56 (58.3%) patients had grade I, 12 (12.5%) had grade II, and 28 (29.2%) patients had grade III of LV diastolic dysfunction. There were 77 (80.2%) and 19 (19.8%) patients with good and poor QoL, respectively. This study revealed a significant relationship between the severity of LV diastolic dysfunction and QoL in HFrEF patients with p=0.040. In conclusion, the degree of LV diastolic dysfunction is related to the QoL of HFrEF patients and therefore better comprehensive management strategies should be considered in HFrEF cases to address the impact of LV diastolic dysfunction on QoL

Pre-and post-dialysis hematological indices of patients with chronic kidney diseases attending dialysis center of a tertiary hospital in Yola, Nigeria

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) is the most common modality for renal replacement treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa where near normal kidney function is achieved in most patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: This case–control study sought to determine hematological changes and to compare the level of these changes in predialysis and post-dialysis stages in patients with CKD attending the dialysis unit of federal medical center, Yola, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 100 kidney disease patients were used as study subject while 50 individuals without kidney disease were used as control group. All hematological parameters comprising packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), platelets count, red cell indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration), and differential leukocyte count were analyzed using standard methods as provided by five parts Beckman oulter hematology auto analyzer. Results: The highest proportion (29%) was observed at age group, 51–55 years and least (1%) in those 76–80 years. The mean age of male HD patients was 56.9 ± 2.7 years while that of female was at 42.5 ± 6.2 years and the male to female ratio in HD patients was 2.6:1. The patients at pre-dialysis have significantly reduced mean ± standard deviation of Hb concentration (6.3 ± 1.8 g/dl), red blood cell (RBC) count (2.1 ± 1.3 × 106 /ul), and platelet count (186 ± 28.2 × 103 /ul) compared to control group which had 12.2 ± 1.4 g/dl, 4.4 ± 0.2 × 106 /ul, and 350.5 ± 82.2 × 103 /ul, respectively; while in contrast had higher lymphocyte count (39.7 ± 3.0%) when compared with the control group (37.0 ± 4.2%). At post-dialysis stage, PCV (27.1 ± 5.0%), Hb concentration (7.8 ± 1.2 g/dl), RBC count (2.9 ± 0.5 × 106 /ul), and neutrophil (58.3 ± 3.8%); significantly increased compared with pre-dialysis stage with PCV (24.1 ± 2.0%), Hb concentration (6.3 ± 1.8 g/dl), RBC count (2.1 ± 1.3 × 106 /ul), and neutrophil (54.7 ± 3.2%). Conclusion: There is a remarkable improvement in hematological indices in CKD patients undergoing maintenance HD