SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT-PROPER PROCEDURE FOR CHALLENGING VALIDITY OF DRAFT CLASSIFICATION

Appellant, a Jehovah\u27s Witness, claimed exemption from service under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, relying upon that section which exempts from service Regularly or duly ordained ministers of religion .... Appellant\u27s local board ruled against his claim and classified him as available for military service (Class I-A). He took his case to the appeal board, where the local board\u27s classification was affirmed. State and National Directors of Selective Service having refused to appeal to the President for him, appellant\u27s local board ordered him to report for induction. He reported at the proper time and place, was accepted by the Navy, but refused to be inducted, reasserting his claim to exemption. The government indicted him for wilfully failing and refusing to submit to induction. Appellant sought to defend on the ground that he was improperly classified through arbitrary and capricious action of the administrative agencies. The District Court rejected this defense and refused to permit the introduction of evidence to sustain it. The circuit court of appeals affirmed. Held, that accused was entitled to show as defense that local draft boards exceeded their jurisdiction by acting arbitrarily and capriciously in classifying him, and failure to permit him to do so required reversal of conviction in order to permit a new trial. Estep v. United States, (U.S. 1946) 66 S. Ct. 423

Radiation-induced nucleic acid synthesis in L cells under energy deprivation

Radiation induced nucleic acid synthesis in energy deprived L cell

Postmortem Evaluation of Left Flank Laparoscopic Access in an Adult Female Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

There are still few reports of laparoscopy in megavertebrates. The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is the tallest land mammal, and the largest ruminant species. An 18-year-old multiparous female hybrid giraffe, weighing 650 kg, was euthanized for chronic health problems, and left flank laparoscopy was performed less than 30 minutes after death. Safe primary access was achieved under visualisation using an optical bladed trocar (Visiport Plus, Tyco healthcare UK Ltd) without prior abdominal insufflation. A left paralumbar fossa approach allowed access to the spleen, rumen, left kidney, and intestines, but did not allow access to the reproductive tract which in nongravid females is intrapelvic in nature

Bottom frictional stresses and longshore currents due to waves with large angles of incidence

The analytical forms of the time-averaged bottom shear stress are developed in this paper. The effects of the angle between the direction of wave propagation and the mean currents, and a large angle of wave incidence are included in the study. Two different friction models were obtained based on the relative magnitudes of wave orbital velocity and that of mean currents. These two friction models are applied to longshore currents generated by obliquely incident waves...

Searching for primes in the digits of [pi]

Many people are fascinated by π. Vast amounts of human and computer resources have been spent producing billions of its digits. Similarly, many people are intrigued by primes. How many primes are there within the digits of π? How many can we expect to find? We present the results of some computer searches and develop a theory to predict how many of these primes extensive computer searches are likely to find

A large containment capsule for nuclear reactor irradiation of explosive materials

Large containment capsule for nuclear reactor irradiation of explosive material

Developing interprofessional education online:An ecological systems theory analysis

This article relates the findings of a discourse analysis of an online asynchronous interprofessional learning initiative involving two UK universities. The impact of the initiative is traced over three intensive periods of online interaction, each of several-weeks duration occurring over a three-year period, through an analysis of a random sample of discussion forum threads. The corpus of rich data drawn from the forums is interpreted using ecological systems theory, which highlights the complexity of interaction of individual, social and cultural elements. Ecological systems theory adopts a life course approach to understand how development occurs through processes of progressively more complex reciprocal interaction between people and their environment. This lens provides a novel approach for analysis and interpretation of findings with respect to the impact of pre-registration interprofessional education and the interaction between the individual and their social and cultural contexts as they progress through 3/4 years of their programmes. Development is mapped over time (the chronosystem) to highlight the complexity of interaction across microsystems (individual), mesosystems (curriculum and institutional/care settings), exosystems (community/wider local context), and macrosystems (national context and culture). This article illustrates the intricacies of students’ interprofessional development over time and the interactive effects of social ecological components in terms of professional knowledge and understanding, wider appreciation of health and social care culture and identity work. The implications for contemporary pre-registration interprofessional education and the usefulness and applicability of ecological systems theory for future research and development are considered

Loss of Androgen Receptor-Dependent Growth Suppression by Prostate Cancer Cells Can Occur Independently from Acquiring Oncogenic Addiction to Androgen Receptor Signaling

The conversion of androgen receptor (AR) signaling as a mechanism of growth suppression of normal prostate epithelial cells to that of growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells is often associated with AR mutation, amplification and over-expression. Thus, down-regulation of AR signaling is commonly therapeutic for prostate cancer. The E006AA cell line was established from a hormone naïve, localized prostate cancer. E006AA cells are genetically aneuploid and grow equally well when xenografted into either intact or castrated male NOG but not nude mice. These cells exhibit: 1) X chromosome duplication and AR gene amplification, although paradoxically not coupled with increased AR expression, and 2) somatic, dominant-negative Serine-599-Glycine loss-of-function mutation within the dimerization surface of the DNA binding domain of the AR gene. No effect on the growth of E006AA cells is observed using targeted knockdown of endogenous mutant AR, ectopic expression of wild-type AR, or treatment with androgens or anti-androgens. E006AA cells represent a prototype for a newly identified subtype of prostate cancer cells that exhibit a dominant-negative AR loss-of-function in a hormonally naïve patient. Such loss-of-function eliminates AR-mediated growth suppression normally induced by normal physiological levels of androgens, thus producing a selective growth advantage for these malignant cells in hormonally naïve patients. These data highlight that loss of AR-mediated growth suppression is an independent process, and that, without additional changes, is insufficient for acquiring oncogene addiction to AR signaling. Thus, patients with prostate cancer cells harboring such AR loss-of-function mutations will not benefit from aggressive hormone or anti-AR therapies even though they express AR protein