329 research outputs found
Sequence of the OXA2 ÎČ-lactamase: comparison with other penicillin-reactive enzymes
AbstractThe nucleotide sequence of the unusual plasmid-mediated OXA2 ÎČ-lactamase is presented, and compared with other ÎČ-lactamases. The OXA2 enzyme has similar features at the presumed active site, but no other significant regions ofhomology with other penicillin-reactive enzymes. The active site homology may therefore represent convergent evolution of otherwise dissimilar genes
Resilience and HIV: a review of the definition and study of resilience
We use a socioecological model of health to define resilience, review the definition and study of resilience among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) in the existing peer-reviewed literature, and discuss the strengths and limitations of how resilience is defined and studied in HIV research. We conducted a review of resilience research for HIV-related behaviors/outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, clinic attendance, CD4 cell count, viral load, viral suppression, and/or immune functioning among PLWH. We performed searches using PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases. The initial search generated 14,296 articles across the three databases, but based on our screening of these articles and inclusion criteria, n = 54 articles were included for review. The majority of HIV resilience research defines resilience only at the individual (i.e., psychological) level or studies individual and limited interpersonal resilience (e.g., social support). Furthermore, the preponderance of HIV resilience research uses general measures of resilience; these measures have not been developed with or tailored to the needs of PLWH. Our review suggests that a socioecological model of health approach can more fully represent the construct of resilience. Furthermore, measures specific to PLWH that capture individual, interpersonal, and neighborhood resilience are needed
Multilevel Resilience and HIV Virologic Suppression Among African American/Black Adults in the Southeastern United States
Objective: To assess overall and by neighborhood risk environments whether multilevel resilience resources were associated with HIV virologic suppression among African American/Black adults in the Southeastern United States. Setting and Methods: This clinical cohort sub-study included 436 African American/Black participants enrolled in two parent HIV clinical cohorts. Resilience was assessed using the Multilevel Resilience Resource Measure (MRM) for African American/Black adults living with HIV, where endorsement of a MRM statement indicated agreement that a resilience resource helped a participant continue HIV care despite challenges or was present in a participantâs neighborhood. Modified Poisson regression models estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for virologic suppression as a function of categorical MRM scores, controlling for demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics at or prior to sub-study enrollment. We assessed for effect measure modification (EMM) by neighborhood risk environments. Results: Compared to participants with lesser endorsement of multilevel resilience resources, aPRs for virologic suppression among those with greater or moderate endorsement were 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.96â1.11) and 1.03 (0.96â1.11), respectively. Regarding multilevel resilience resource endorsement, there was no strong evidence for EMM by levels of neighborhood risk environments. Conclusions: Modest positive associations between higher multilevel resilience resource endorsement and virologic suppression were at times most compatible with the data. However, null findings were also compatible. There was no strong evidence for EMM concerning multilevel resilience resource endorsement, which could have been due to random error. Prospective studies assessing EMM by levels of the neighborhood risk environment with larger sample sizes are needed
Sporting embodiment: sports studies and the (continuing) promise of phenomenology
Whilst in recent years sports studies have addressed the calls âto bring the body back inâ to theorisations of sport and physical activity, the âpromise of phenomenologyâ remains largely under-realised with regard to sporting embodiment. Relatively few accounts are grounded in the âfleshâ of the lived sporting body, and phenomenology offers a powerful framework for such analysis. A wide-ranging, multi-stranded, and interpretatively contested perspective, phenomenology in general has been taken up and utilised in very different ways within different disciplinary fields. The purpose of this article is to consider some selected phenomenological threads, key qualities of the phenomenological method, and the potential for existentialist phenomenology in particular to contribute fresh perspectives to the sociological study of embodiment in sport and exercise. It offers one way to convey the âessencesâ, corporeal immediacy and textured sensuosity of the lived sporting body. The use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is also critically addressed.
Key words: phenomenology; existentialist phenomenology; interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA); sporting embodiment; the lived-body; Merleau-Pont
Transverse Beam Spin Asymmetries in Forward-Angle Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
We have measured the beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic scattering
of transversely-polarized 3 GeV electrons from unpolarized protons at Q^2 =
0.15, 0.25 (GeV/c)^2. The results are inconsistent with calculations solely
using the elastic nucleon intermediate state, and generally agree with
calculations with significant inelastic hadronic intermediate state
contributions. A_n provides a direct probe of the imaginary component of the
2-gamma exchange amplitude, the complete description of which is important in
the interpretation of data from precision electron-scattering experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters; shortened
to meet PRL length limit, clarified some text after referee's comment
Strange Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Forward G0 Electron-Proton Scattering Experiment
We have measured parity-violating asymmetries in elastic electron-proton
scattering over the range of momentum transfers 0.12 < Q^2 < 1.0 GeV^2. These
asymmetries, arising from interference of the electromagnetic and neutral weak
interactions, are sensitive to strange quark contributions to the currents of
the proton. The measurements were made at JLab using a toroidal spectrometer to
detect the recoiling protons from a liquid hydrogen target. The results
indicate non-zero, Q^2 dependent, strange quark contributions and provide new
information beyond that obtained in previous experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Fitting the integrated Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies
Fitting the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies is an almost
universally used technique that has matured significantly in the last decade.
Model predictions and fitting procedures have improved significantly over this
time, attempting to keep up with the vastly increased volume and quality of
available data. We review here the field of SED fitting, describing the
modelling of ultraviolet to infrared galaxy SEDs, the creation of
multiwavelength data sets, and the methods used to fit model SEDs to observed
galaxy data sets. We touch upon the achievements and challenges in the major
ingredients of SED fitting, with a special emphasis on describing the interplay
between the quality of the available data, the quality of the available models,
and the best fitting technique to use in order to obtain a realistic
measurement as well as realistic uncertainties. We conclude that SED fitting
can be used effectively to derive a range of physical properties of galaxies,
such as redshift, stellar masses, star formation rates, dust masses, and
metallicities, with care taken not to over-interpret the available data. Yet
there still exist many issues such as estimating the age of the oldest stars in
a galaxy, finer details ofdust properties and dust-star geometry, and the
influences of poorly understood, luminous stellar types and phases. The
challenge for the coming years will be to improve both the models and the
observational data sets to resolve these uncertainties. The present review will
be made available on an interactive, moderated web page (sedfitting.org), where
the community can access and change the text. The intention is to expand the
text and keep it up to date over the coming years.Comment: 54 pages, 26 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysics &
Space Scienc
The G0 Experiment: Apparatus for Parity-Violating Electron Scattering Measurements at Forward and Backward Angles
In the G0 experiment, performed at Jefferson Lab, the parity-violating
elastic scattering of electrons from protons and quasi-elastic scattering from
deuterons is measured in order to determine the neutral weak currents of the
nucleon. Asymmetries as small as 1 part per million in the scattering of a
polarized electron beam are determined using a dedicated apparatus. It consists
of specialized beam-monitoring and control systems, a cryogenic hydrogen (or
deuterium) target, and a superconducting, toroidal magnetic spectrometer
equipped with plastic scintillation and aerogel Cerenkov detectors, as well as
fast readout electronics for the measurement of individual events. The overall
design and performance of this experimental system is discussed.Comment: Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Method
Virtual Compton Scattering and Neutral Pion Electroproduction in the Resonance Region up to the Deep Inelastic Region at Backward Angles
We have made the first measurements of the virtual Compton scattering (VCS)
process via the H exclusive reaction in the nucleon resonance
region, at backward angles. Results are presented for the -dependence at
fixed GeV, and for the -dependence at fixed near 1.5 GeV.
The VCS data show resonant structures in the first and second resonance
regions. The observed -dependence is smooth. The measured ratio of
H to H cross sections emphasizes the different
sensitivity of these two reactions to the various nucleon resonances. Finally,
when compared to Real Compton Scattering (RCS) at high energy and large angles,
our VCS data at the highest (1.8-1.9 GeV) show a striking -
independence, which may suggest a transition to a perturbative scattering
mechanism at the quark level.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures. To appear in Phys.Rev.
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