Determination of optimal tool path in drilling operation using Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm

Applications like boilerplates, food-industry processing separator, printed circuit boards, drum and trammel screens, etc. consists of a matrix of a large number of holes. The primary issue involved in hole-making operations is a tool travel time. It is often necessary to find the optimal sequence of operations so that the total processing cost of hole-making operations can be minimized. In this work, therefore an attempt is made to reduce the total tool travel of hole-making operations by applying a relatively new optimization algorithm known as modified shuffled frog leaping for determining the optimal sequence of operations. Modification is made in the existing shuffled frog-leaping algorithm by introducing three parameters with their positive values to widen the search capability of existing algorithms. A case study of the printed circuit board is considered in this work to demonstrate the proposed approach. Obtained results of optimization using modified shuffled frog leaping algorithm are compared with those obtained using particle swarm optimization, firefly algorithm and shortest path search algorithm

Development and Validation of Stability indicating RP- HPLC method for Simultaneous Estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in Bulk Tablet Dosage Form

The present research work describes a simple, accurate, precise, effective, Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir in their tablet dosage form. A reverse phase high performance chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir their combined dosage. The separation was achieved by Inertsil ODS C18 column (150X4.6mm, 5µm) column, and ACN: 0.1% TFA in the proportion of 30:70 %v/v as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 245 nm.  For RP-HPLC method results of the validation indicate that the method was linear in the range of 100-600μg/ml for Sofosbuvir and 22.5-135μg/ml for Ledipasvir.  The % recoveries for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir obtained in the accuracy study were 99.92-100.31% and 99.84-100.55% respectively. The LOD for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were found to be 0.395μg/ml and 0.132μg/ml respectively. LOQ for Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir were found to be 1.197μg/ml and 0.401μg/ml respectively. Force degradation study also done and method is stability indicating. Developed methods were found to be accurate, precise, rapid and stability indicating for simultaneous estimation of Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, ACN, TFA

A multifunctional phosphite-containing electrolyte for 5 V-class LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes with superior electrochemical performance

We report a highly promising organophosphorus compound with an organic substituent, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TMSP), to improve the electrochemical performance of 5 V-class LiNi0.5Mn 1.5O4 cathode materials. Our investigation reveals that TMSP alleviates the decomposition of LiPF6 by hydrolysis, effectively eliminates HF promoting Mn/Ni dissolution from the cathode, and forms a protective layer on the cathode surface against severe electrolyte decomposition at high voltages. Remarkable improvements in the cycling stability and rate capability of high voltage cathodes were achieved in the TMSP-containing electrolyte. After 100 cycles at 60 ??C, the discharge capacity retention was 73% in the baseline electrolyte, whereas the TMSP-added electrolyte maintained 90% of its initial discharge capacity. In addition, the LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode with TMSP delivers a superior discharge capacity of 105 mA h g-1 at a high rate of 3 C and an excellent capacity retention of 81% with a high coulombic efficiency of over 99.6% is exhibited for a graphite/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O 4 full cell after 100 cycles at 30 ??C.close8

Blunt abdominal trauma: the experience in rural India and review of literature

Background: Blunt Abdominal trauma is one of the most common injuries caused due to road traffic accidents. The rapid increase in number of motor vehicles and its aftermath has caused rapid increase in number of victims due to blunt abdominal trauma. As the care of patients with blunt abdominal injuries is largely a surgical responsibility and abdominal injuries involving major hemorrhage from solid viscera constitute surgical emergencies. Abdominal blunt traumas represent a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to even a most experienced surgeon, thereby representing importance of its study. Early diagnosis and effective management help in decreasing mortality in blunt abdominal trauma.Methods: Prospective study of 50 patients admitted to the institute with history of Blunt Abdominal Trauma. After initial resuscitation of the patients, thorough assessments for injuries were carried out in all the patients. Documentation of patients, which included identification, history, clinical findings, diagnostic test, operative findings, operative procedures and complications during the stay in the hospital were all recorded on a Performa specially prepared. The management was decided depending upon history, clinical examination and investigations.Results: Males were predominantly affected, and most cases were between the age group of 21-40 years (76%). Majority of the patients (90%) presented with the complaint of abdominal pain followed by abdominal distension (56%). 36(60%) patients were managed conservatively while operative interventions were required in 24(40%) patients. The common surgeries performed in the patients included splenectomy, primary closure of perforation and resection and anastomosis of bowel. Majority of the patients (80%) were discharged within 20 days of admission. The mortality in present study was 13.3%.Conclusions: Blunt Abdominal Trauma is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in young adults. Immediate resuscitative measures, management of associated injuries and appropriate operative intervention are important parts of management of such cases

Optimal sequence of hole-making operations using particle swarm optimization and modified shuffled frog leaping algorithm

Tool travel and tool switch scheduling are two major issues in hole-making operations. It is necessary to find the optimal sequence of operations to reduce the total processing cost of hole-making operations. In this work therefore, an attempt is made to use both a recently developed particle swarm optimisation algorithm and a shuffled frog leaping algorithm demonstrating in this way an example of plastic injection mould. The exact value of the minimum total processing cost is obtained by considering all possible combinations of sequences. The results obtained using particle swarm optimisation and shuffled frog leaping algorithm are compared with the minimum total processing cost results obtained by considering all possible combinations of sequences. It is observed that the results obtained using particle swarm optimisation and shuffled frog leaping algorithm are closer to the results of the minimum total processing cost obtained by considering all possible combinations of sequences presented in this work. This clearly shows that particle swarm optimisation and shuffled frog leaping algorithm can be effectively used in optimisation of large scale injection mould hole-making operations

Quantifying Capacity Loss due to Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase Layer Formation on Silicon Negative Electrodes in Lithium-ion Batteries

Charge lost per unit surface area of a silicon electrode due to the formation of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer during initial lithiation was quantified, and the species that constitute this layer were identified. Coin cells made with Si thin-film electrodes were subjected to a combination of galvanostatic and potentiostatic lithiation and delithiation cycles to accurately measure the capacity lost to SEI-layer formation. While the planar geometry of amorphous thin films allows accurate calculation of surface area, creation of additional surface by cracking was prevented by minimizing the thickness of the Si film. The cycled electrodes were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the composition of the SEI layer. The charge lost due to SEI formation measured from coin cell experiments was found to be in good agreement with the first-cycle capacity loss during the initial lithiation of a Si (100) crystal with planar geometry. The methodology presented in this work is expected to provide a useful practical tool for battery-material developers in estimating the expected capacity loss due to first cycle SEI-layer formation and in choosing an appropriate particle size distribution that balances mechanical integrity and the first cycle capacity loss in large volume expansion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures; Journal of Power Sources, 201