Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of External Debt on Economic Growth and Inflation: The Case of Emerging Market Economies

This study aimed to analyze the impact of external debt on economic growth and inflation for emerging market economies for the period 1995-2020 using the panel data method. To this end, the study used the data on 12 countries listed in the Morgan Stanley Capital Index (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index. The results of the panel cointegration analysis showed that changes in external debt stock affect economic growth in the opposite direction and inflation rate in the same direction. According to the country-specific results of the panel cointegration analysis, external debt had a negative impact on economic growth in all countries except Mexico, Egypt, India, and Türkiye. External debt increased inflation in all countries except China, Egypt, India, South Africa, and Thailand. The Bootstrap panel causality test results showed a unidirectional causality from economic growth to external debt stock in China, India and Thailand, and a bidirectional causality in China. A unidirectional causality was also found from external debt stock to inflation in Colombia, and a unidirectional causality from inflation to external debt in China, India, Peru, and Thailand. Based on the cointegration analysis results, it is recommended that external debt should be used to finance more productive investments in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Brazil, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, and Thailand. The panel causality test results also showed that economic growth in China, India, and Thailand requires more external resources. Based on these results, it is recommended to reduce external debt in order to reduce inflation in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, and Türkiye

Comparative Study on Attitudes of Students Studying in Different Types of High Schools towards Physical Education and Sports Lesson

The main purpose of this study was to examine attitudes of students studying in different types of high schools towards physical education and sports lesson in terms of various variables. In this research, comparative survey model has been adopted. Population of the research consisted of students studying in different types of high schools and different grades in Erzurum province in 2016-2017 and its sample group consisted of total 1560 high school students selected by using stratified random sampling. Personal information form and physical education lesson attitude scale developed by Demirhan and Altay were used in order to measure students' attitudes towards physical education and sports lesson. According to the findings, there are significant difference between participant students' gender, grade, school type, mother educational level variables and levels of their attitudes towards physical education lesson according to p<,05 significance level, but there is no significant difference according to father educational level and residence place variables. As a result, all students studying in different types of high schools in Erzurum have positive attitudes towards physical education and sports lesson. According to high school type, attitudes of Anatolian İmam Hatip High School students towards physical education and sports lesson are at the most positive attitude level when compared to other high school types

The epigenetic Landscape of Breast Cancer

Le cancer du sein reste la principale cause de décès par cancer chez les femmes et est connu pour la divergence des comportements cliniques et des résultats pour les patientes, malgré les caractéristiques histopathologiques courantes au moment du diagnostic. Cela s'explique par la grande hétérogénéité histologique et moléculaire de la maladie, qui rend difficile le choix d'une thérapie adaptée à chaque patient.L'épigénétique se rapporte aux modifications du phénotype et de l'expression génique. Les modifications épigénétiques du génome peuvent être acquises de novo et sont potentiellement héritées. Les mécanismes épigénétiques agissent pour modifier l'accessibilité de la chromatine à la régulation de la transcription localement et globalement via des modifications de l'ADN et par des modifications ou des réarrangements de nucléosomes. L'épigénétique consiste en plusieurs mécanismes moléculaires: modifications de l'histone, petits ARN non codants ou anti-sens et méthylation de l'ADN étroitement interconnectés.L'incidence et la mortalité par cancer du sein sont plus élevées (incidence environ trois fois supérieure) dans le monde occidental que dans les pays d'Asie avec des différences régionales dans les pays occidentaux. Plusieurs études impliquant des immigrés des pays occidentaux suggèrent que le mode de vie et l'alimentation sont deux des causes principales de ces différences. Un apport alimentaire élevé en phytoestrogènes, principalement sous forme de produits à base de soja, peut produire des taux circulants de phytoestrogènes à effets œstrogéniques. Des études épidémiologiques et expérimentales suggèrent qu'un régime alimentaire riche en phytoestrogènes pouvait avoir des effets protecteurs contre sur les affections liées aux œstrogènes, telles que le cancer du sein.Sur la base de ces informations, nous avons étudié les effets du traitement par les phytoestrogènes; génistéine, daidzéine et 17-β-estradiol sur la modification post-traductionnelle des histones, telles que la méthylation de la lysine et l’acétylation des histones H3 et H4 dans des lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Nous avons ensuite étudié les effets de l'inhibiteur de la méthylation de l'histone et de l'inhibiteur de l'histone désacétylase sur la triméthylation et l'acétylation de l'histone-lysine dans les lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Nous avons utilisé deux lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein, MCF-7 et MDA-MB-231, chacune traitée respectivement avec de l'hydrochlorure de 3-désazanule (DZNep) [5 µM] (HMTi), du butyrate de sodium (NaBu) [2 mM] (HDACi) et de l'acide de type Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic (SAHA) [1 µM] (HDACi). Enfin, nous avons mené des études sur toutes les lignées cellulaires atteintes de tumeurs du sein afin d'évaluer l'immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (PIP) de certaines modifications de l'histone dans le cancer. Les niveaux relatifs de trois histones modifiées, y compris H3K27me3 (histone 3 Lysine 27 méthylation), H3K9ac (Histone 3 Lysine 9 acétylation) et H3K4ac (Histone 3 Lysine 4 acétylation) seront déterminés dans les tumeurs du sein par rapport au tissu normal correspondant selon le classement de Saint-Gall. Aujourd'hui, ChIP a été couplé à des puces à ADN de promoteur afin d'évaluer les mécanismes de régulation du gène humain à l'échelle du génome. La technologie de la puce sur puce pourrait être utilisée pour étudier les altérations de l'expression globale des gènes dans la tumorigenèse. Ici, nous avons étudié les gènes exprimés de manière différentielle associés aux histones modifiées H3K27me3, H3K9ac et H3K4ac dans les tumeurs du sein à l'aide de microréseaux Agilent SurePrint G3 400kX2 contenant environ 21 000 transcrits humains. Nous analyserons les régions enrichies de chaque promoteur de gène dans trente tumeurs du sein par rapport à des échantillons de tissus normaux. Les échantillons de tumeurs du sein seront classés en fonction de leur profil clinique, en particulier du statut des récepteurs hormonaux.Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, and is noted for conflicting clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, despite common histopathological features at diagnosis. This can be explained by the high histological and molecular heterogeneity of the disease, making it hard to choose a therapy adapted uniquely to each patient. Epigenetics refer to changes in phenotype and gene expression. Epigenetic modifications of the genome can be acquired de novo and are potentially inherited. Epigenetic mechanisms work to change the accessibility of chromatin to transcriptional regulation locally and globally via modifications of the DNA and by modifications or rearrangements of nucleosomes. Epigenetics consist in several molecular mechanisms: histone modifications, small non-coding or antisense RNAs and DNA methylation that are closely interconnected. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer is high in the Western world as compared with countries in Asia. There are also differences in the regional cancer incidence rates in Western countries. Several studies involving immigrants to Western countries suggest that lifestyle and diet are two of the main causes of these differences. In Eastern countries, the incidence of breast cancer is approximately one-third that of Western countries, whilst their high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have estrogenic effects. An increasing number of epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that the consumption of a 4 phytoestrogen-rich diet may have protective effects on estrogen-related conditions, such as breast cancer.Based upon this information, we studied the effects of treatment phytoestrogens; genistein, daidzein and 17-β-estradiol on the post-translational modification of histones such as lysine methylation and acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in breast cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we studied the effects of histone methylation inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitor on histone lysine trimethylation and acetylation in breast cancer cell lines. For this study, we used two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Each cell line was treated respectively with 3-Deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride (DZNep) [5 μM] (HMTi), Sodium Butyrate (NaBu) [2 mM] (HDACi) and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic acid (SAHA) [1 μM] (HDACi) for 48 hours. Finally, we completed studies in all cell lines with breast tumors to assess Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) of selected histone modifications in cancer. The relative levels of three modified histones, including H3K27me3 (Histone 3 Lysine 27 Methylation), H3K9ac (Histone 3 Lysine 9 Acetylation), and H3K4ac (Histone 3 Lysine 4 Acetylation) will be determined in breast tumors compared to matched normal tissue according to the classification of Saint Gallen. Today, ChIP has been coupled with promoter DNA microarrays to evaluate the mechanisms of human gene regulation on a genome-wide scale. ChIP-on-chip technology could be used to investigate the alterations of global gene expression in tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated differentially expressed genes associated with modified histones H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac in breast tumors by Agilent SurePrint G3 400kX2 microarrays containing approximately 21,000 of human transcripts. We will scan the enriched regions at each gene promoter in thirty breast tumors compared with normal tissue samples. Breast tumor samples will be classified according to their clinical profiles, especially hormone receptor status

Effects of trade liberalization on the welfare of the agriculture sector via double factoral domestic terms of trade in Turkey: 1990-2010

The effect of the agricultural support policies on the prices of the agricultural commodities has been declining in Turkey since 1990s. The prices of the agricultural commodities approximate to the world prices. The employment in the agriculture sector has been declining due to the transfer of labor from the agriculture sector to the non-agriculture sector. In this paper, the effects of the trade liberalization on the welfare of the agriculture sector in Turkey at the period of 1990-2010 are estimated by the double factoral domestic terms of trade indicator. The findings of the estimation denote that the welfare of the agriculture sector is increased related with the labor productivity increase triggered by the labor transfer from the agriculture sector at the trade liberalization process while the domestic terms of trade is developed in the expense of it. The welfare is transferred from the agriculture sector to the industry sector via relative price scissor. Even though the relative productivity of the agriculture sector is increased at the examination period, the welfare of the agriculture sector is negatively affected from the domestic terms of trade

AN ANALYSIS OF THE DOMESTIC TERMS OF TRADE IN THE PROCESS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN TURKEY: 1990-2009

In this paper, the relative price of agricultural commodities versus that of industrial commodities is analyzed via domestic terms of trade during 1990-2009 when trade liberalization gained impetus in Turkey. The domestic terms of trade which are improved in favor of the agricultural commodities during 1990-1998 except 1994 which is acknowledged as an economic crises year are reversed against the agricultural commodities after 1998 and plummeted in 2001 economic crises. The domestic terms of trade which are improved during 2001-2004 are deteriorated against the agricultural commodities after 2004. In the paper, the factors that define the domestic terms of trade during 1990-2009 are estimated via Least Squares Method with quarterly data. The findings of the paper revealed that the domestic terms of trade in Turkey are defined by the market mechanisms like the relative prices of the previous year and the relative production of the current year. Although the domestic terms of trade is not improved in favor of the agricultural commodities during the examination period, it is evident that the trade liberalization affects the domestic terms of trade in favor of the agricultural commodities. This finding is explained by the current protectionist regulations in the liberalization of the agricultural commodities trade relative to the regulations in industrial commodities trade.Domestic terms of trade, trade liberalization, agricultural sector, price scissors

Paysage épigénétique du cancer du sein

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, and is noted for conflicting clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, despite common histopathological features at diagnosis. This can be explained by the high histological and molecular heterogeneity of the disease, making it hard to choose a therapy adapted uniquely to each patient. Epigenetics refer to changes in phenotype and gene expression. Epigenetic modifications of the genome can be acquired de novo and are potentially inherited. Epigenetic mechanisms work to change the accessibility of chromatin to transcriptional regulation locally and globally via modifications of the DNA and by modifications or rearrangements of nucleosomes. Epigenetics consist in several molecular mechanisms: histone modifications, small non-coding or antisense RNAs and DNA methylation that are closely interconnected. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer is high in the Western world as compared with countries in Asia. There are also differences in the regional cancer incidence rates in Western countries. Several studies involving immigrants to Western countries suggest that lifestyle and diet are two of the main causes of these differences. In Eastern countries, the incidence of breast cancer is approximately one-third that of Western countries, whilst their high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have estrogenic effects. An increasing number of epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that the consumption of a 4 phytoestrogen-rich diet may have protective effects on estrogen-related conditions, such as breast cancer.Based upon this information, we studied the effects of treatment phytoestrogens; genistein, daidzein and 17-β-estradiol on the post-translational modification of histones such as lysine methylation and acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in breast cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we studied the effects of histone methylation inhibitor and histone deacetylase inhibitor on histone lysine trimethylation and acetylation in breast cancer cell lines. For this study, we used two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Each cell line was treated respectively with 3-Deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride (DZNep) [5 μM] (HMTi), Sodium Butyrate (NaBu) [2 mM] (HDACi) and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic acid (SAHA) [1 μM] (HDACi) for 48 hours. Finally, we completed studies in all cell lines with breast tumors to assess Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) of selected histone modifications in cancer. The relative levels of three modified histones, including H3K27me3 (Histone 3 Lysine 27 Methylation), H3K9ac (Histone 3 Lysine 9 Acetylation), and H3K4ac (Histone 3 Lysine 4 Acetylation) will be determined in breast tumors compared to matched normal tissue according to the classification of Saint Gallen. Today, ChIP has been coupled with promoter DNA microarrays to evaluate the mechanisms of human gene regulation on a genome-wide scale. ChIP-on-chip technology could be used to investigate the alterations of global gene expression in tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated differentially expressed genes associated with modified histones H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac in breast tumors by Agilent SurePrint G3 400kX2 microarrays containing approximately 21,000 of human transcripts. We will scan the enriched regions at each gene promoter in thirty breast tumors compared with normal tissue samples. Breast tumor samples will be classified according to their clinical profiles, especially hormone receptor status.Le cancer du sein reste la principale cause de décès par cancer chez les femmes et est connu pour la divergence des comportements cliniques et des résultats pour les patientes, malgré les caractéristiques histopathologiques courantes au moment du diagnostic. Cela s'explique par la grande hétérogénéité histologique et moléculaire de la maladie, qui rend difficile le choix d'une thérapie adaptée à chaque patient.L'épigénétique se rapporte aux modifications du phénotype et de l'expression génique. Les modifications épigénétiques du génome peuvent être acquises de novo et sont potentiellement héritées. Les mécanismes épigénétiques agissent pour modifier l'accessibilité de la chromatine à la régulation de la transcription localement et globalement via des modifications de l'ADN et par des modifications ou des réarrangements de nucléosomes. L'épigénétique consiste en plusieurs mécanismes moléculaires: modifications de l'histone, petits ARN non codants ou anti-sens et méthylation de l'ADN étroitement interconnectés.L'incidence et la mortalité par cancer du sein sont plus élevées (incidence environ trois fois supérieure) dans le monde occidental que dans les pays d'Asie avec des différences régionales dans les pays occidentaux. Plusieurs études impliquant des immigrés des pays occidentaux suggèrent que le mode de vie et l'alimentation sont deux des causes principales de ces différences. Un apport alimentaire élevé en phytoestrogènes, principalement sous forme de produits à base de soja, peut produire des taux circulants de phytoestrogènes à effets œstrogéniques. Des études épidémiologiques et expérimentales suggèrent qu'un régime alimentaire riche en phytoestrogènes pouvait avoir des effets protecteurs contre sur les affections liées aux œstrogènes, telles que le cancer du sein.Sur la base de ces informations, nous avons étudié les effets du traitement par les phytoestrogènes; génistéine, daidzéine et 17-β-estradiol sur la modification post-traductionnelle des histones, telles que la méthylation de la lysine et l’acétylation des histones H3 et H4 dans des lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Nous avons ensuite étudié les effets de l'inhibiteur de la méthylation de l'histone et de l'inhibiteur de l'histone désacétylase sur la triméthylation et l'acétylation de l'histone-lysine dans les lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Nous avons utilisé deux lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein, MCF-7 et MDA-MB-231, chacune traitée respectivement avec de l'hydrochlorure de 3-désazanule (DZNep) [5 µM] (HMTi), du butyrate de sodium (NaBu) [2 mM] (HDACi) et de l'acide de type Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic (SAHA) [1 µM] (HDACi). Enfin, nous avons mené des études sur toutes les lignées cellulaires atteintes de tumeurs du sein afin d'évaluer l'immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (PIP) de certaines modifications de l'histone dans le cancer. Les niveaux relatifs de trois histones modifiées, y compris H3K27me3 (histone 3 Lysine 27 méthylation), H3K9ac (Histone 3 Lysine 9 acétylation) et H3K4ac (Histone 3 Lysine 4 acétylation) seront déterminés dans les tumeurs du sein par rapport au tissu normal correspondant selon le classement de Saint-Gall. Aujourd'hui, ChIP a été couplé à des puces à ADN de promoteur afin d'évaluer les mécanismes de régulation du gène humain à l'échelle du génome. La technologie de la puce sur puce pourrait être utilisée pour étudier les altérations de l'expression globale des gènes dans la tumorigenèse. Ici, nous avons étudié les gènes exprimés de manière différentielle associés aux histones modifiées H3K27me3, H3K9ac et H3K4ac dans les tumeurs du sein à l'aide de microréseaux Agilent SurePrint G3 400kX2 contenant environ 21 000 transcrits humains. Nous analyserons les régions enrichies de chaque promoteur de gène dans trente tumeurs du sein par rapport à des échantillons de tissus normaux. Les échantillons de tumeurs du sein seront classés en fonction de leur profil clinique, en particulier du statut des récepteurs hormonaux

The effects of globalization on child labor in developing countries

This paper inquires the effects of globalization on child labor in developing countries via cross-country analysis by decomposing globalization to its components; foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade. The findings reveal that the relationship between the child labor supply and gross domestic product per capita (PCGDP) can be expressed as a U shape. The study indicates that the child labor increases in the developing countries whose PCGDP levels are above $7500 since the net effect of globalization is positive for the positive substitution effect is bigger than the negative income effect. Data have been collected from UNICEF and World Bank

The Use of Card Payment Instruments : A Panel Data Approach

The rapid growth in the use of non-cash payment instruments, specifically debit and credit cards, has become a prominent feature of modern economies. With an interest in the explanation of this phenomenon and differences in use across countries, we apply a model of payment instrument use to model the relationship between the dependent variables (total volume of card transactions, debit card transactions, and credit card transactions) and the five independent variables based on income, infrastructure, substitution, and institutional influences. We estimate the model and perform a regression analysis on a panel of 22 countries over the period 2009 to 2013. We find that crime, bank concentration, and income have positive relationship with the use of card instruments, while cash is found to be both a complement and substitute to card payments. The variable based on infrascture yields insignificant results. With the results, our purpose is to give greater insight into to the use of the card payments and the explanations for differences in use across countries.