Neighbor-joining tree based on Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards’ chord distances between populations derived from the allelic frequencies of 10 microsatellite loci.

<p>Bootstrap values (2000 replications, with resampling) are indicated as percentages. The frequencies of mitochondrial haplotypes are shown in the pie charts for each population for which at least three individuals were sequenced. The size of the circles is not proportional to the number of individuals sampled per population; the colour codes are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036882#pone-0036882-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Host plants and geographic location of collection sites for <i>S. titanus.</i>

<p>N-10 loci, number of <i>S. titanus</i> individuals genotyped with 10 microsatellite loci; N-mtDNA, number of <i>S. titanus</i> individuals sequenced for tRNA^LEU-COII. For map codes, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036882#pone-0036882-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Technical details concerning the Sti31-07 microsatellite locus.

<p>T_a, annealing temperature; <i>H</i>_O, observed heterozygosity, and <i>H</i>_E, expected heterozygosity were calculated for 229 individuals of <i>S. titanus</i> sampled over a large geographic scale, from European (N = 125) and American vineyards (N = 104).</p

Geographic distribution of <i>S. titanus</i> mitochondrial haplotypes in: A Western Europe, B NE America and C the Haplotype network.

<p>Geographic distribution of <i>S. titanus</i> mitochondrial haplotypes in: A Western Europe, B NE America and C the Haplotype network.</p

Summary of genetic variation at 10 microsatellite loci scored for 10 American and 14 European <i>S. titanus</i> populations.

<p>N, sample size; A, mean number of AN,N, number of <i>S. titanus</i> individuals sampled from each site; AR, allelic richness; <i>H</i>_E and <i>H</i>_O, expected and observed heterozygosities; <i>F</i>_IS, estimates of <i>F</i>_IS values; <i>F</i>_ST, index of genetic differentiation <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036882#pone.0036882-Weir1" target="_blank">[52]</a>.</p

Comparative overall population genetic structure of the NE American and European populations.

<p>A, mean number of alleles per locus, <i>H</i>_E expected heterozygosity. Indices of genetic differentiation: <i>F</i>_ST, <i>G</i>_ST and <i>N</i>_ST; IbD, isolation by distance; π = mean nucleotide diversity over all loci; +/−, standard deviation values; * indicates that <i>N</i>_ST is significantly higher than <i>G</i>_ST in NE America, whereas the difference between <i>N</i>_ST and <i>G</i>_ST was not significant in Europe.</p

Microsatellite_data_SPAGEDI

Microsatellite data set (n=938) follows the SPAGEDI input file format. It contains codes for localities, latitude-longitude coordinates as well as projected coordinates using a Gnomonic projection

Application of Chemical Modified Electrode in Drug Analysis

本研究利用全氟磺酸聚合物/含釕黃綠石氧化物(Nafion/Ru-oxide Pyrochlore)化學修飾電極偵測茶鹼(Theophylline)及兩種抗生素磺胺二 甲嘧啶(Sulfamethazine, SMZ), 磺胺二甲氧嘧啶(Sulfadimethoxine, SDM), 並對其在藥劑, 食品中的真實樣品做偵測. 茶鹼為強心, 利尿 劑, 亦有支氣管擴張, 冠動脈擴張, 平滑肌鬆弛功能. 以往皆是以層析方 法分析茶鹼, 本研究以化學修飾電極, 配合方波伏安法, 藉由修飾電極裡 的Ru-oxidePyrochlore對茶鹼的催化性, 以達到微量偵測的目的. 最佳的 方波條件為: 振幅30mV, 頻率45Hz, 預濃縮電位0V, 預濃縮時間15秒, 其 線性範圍為2至100uM, 偵測極限可達0.103uM(S/N=3), 再現性方面, 10uM 標準品連續偵測12次C.V.值1.34%, 並對紅茶, 綠茶等樣品進行標準品添 加校正曲線實驗, 其現性相關係數高達0.999. 本研究利用上述催化電 極, 進行對磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)及磺胺二甲氧嘧啶(SDM)的偵測.磺胺劑為 常加在豬, 牛等家畜的飼料中以增加對疾病的抵抗能力的抗生素. 本研究 亦利用方波伏安法進行偵測. 偵測線性範圍分別為2-30uM, 2-25uM, 偵測 極限可達0.118uM, 0.129uM(S/N=3). 再現性方面, 20uM的SMZ與SDM標準 品連續偵測12次C.V.值分別為2.21%, 1.26%. 在實際樣品的偵測方面, 我 們選用了豬肉和牛奶來作實際樣品的偵測, 由於豬肉, 牛奶中可能未含有 磺胺劑, 或含量可能少於本實驗方法之偵測極限, 故並未有訊號出現. 但 添加少量磺胺劑後, 就有電流訊號產生, 且有很好的線性關係, 証明此電 極可應用於實際樣品的偵測