1,170 research outputs found

    First disk-resolved spectroscopy of (4) Vesta

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    Vesta, the second largest Main Belt asteroid, will be the first to be explored in 2011 by NASA's Dawn mission. It is a dry, likely differentiated body with spectrum suggesting that is has been resurfaced by basaltic lava flows, not too different from the lunar maria. Here we present the first disk-resolved spectroscopic observations of an asteroid from the ground. We observed (4) Vesta with the ESO-VLT adaptive optics equipped integral-field near-infrared spectrograph SINFONI, as part of its science verification campaign. The highest spatial resolution of ~90 km on Vesta's surface was obtained during excellent seeing conditions (0.5") in October 2004. We observe spectral variations across Vesta's surface that can be interpreted as variations of either the pyroxene composition, or the effect of surface aging. We compare Vesta's 2 micron absorption band to that of howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) meteorites that are thought to originate from Vesta, and establish particular links between specific regions and HED subclasses. The overallcomposition is found to be mostly compatible with howardite meteorites, although a small area around 180 deg. East longitude could be attributed to a diogenite-rich spot. We finally focus our spectral analysis on the characteristics of Vesta's bright and dark regions as seen from Hubble Space Telescope's visible and Keck-II's near-infrared images.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 3 table

    TEMPOS: A Platform for Developing Temporal Applications on Top of Object DBMS

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    This paper presents TEMPOS: a set of models and languages supporting the manipulation of temporal data on top of object DBMS. The proposed models exploit object-oriented technology to meet some important, yet traditionally neglected design criteria related to legacy code migration and representation independence. Two complementary ways for accessing temporal data are offered: a query language and a visual browser. The query language, namely TempOQL, is an extension of OQL supporting the manipulation of histories regardless of their representations, through fully composable functional operators. The visual browser offers operators that facilitate several time-related interactive navigation tasks, such as studying a snapshot of a collection of objects at a given instant, or detecting and examining changes within temporal attributes and relationships. TEMPOS models and languages have been formalized both at the syntactical and the semantical level and have been implemented on top of an object DBMS. The suitability of the proposals with regard to applications' requirements has been validated through concrete case studies

    Simulation of stochastic blockchain models

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    International audienceThis paper build the foundations of a simulation tool for blockchain-based applications. It takes advantage of the huge expressiveness and extensibility of PyCATSHOO framework to deal with the important variability of blockchain implementations and properties of interest. A simple stochastic model of generic blockchain-style distributed consensus system and associated performance indicators are proposed (performance in terms of consistency and ability to discard double-spending attacks). Monte Carlo simulations are applied to assess the indicators and determine their sensitivity to the variation of input parameters

    Selenoneine is a major selenium species in beluga skin and red blood cells of Inuit from Nunavik

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    Nunavimmiut (Inuit of Nunavik, Northern Quebec, Canada) exhibit a high selenium (Se) status because oftheir frequent consumption of marine mammal foods. Indirect evidence from our previous studies hadsuggested that selenoneineea novel selenocompoundemay be accumulating in the blood of Nuna-vimmiut. We used a liquid-chromatography/inductively coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS/MS) method to measure concentrations of selenoneine and its methylated metabolite Se-methylselenoneine in archived red blood cells (RBC) obtained from 210 Nunavimmiut living in com-munities along the Hudson Strait, where marine mammal hunting and consumption are most frequent inNunavik. This method was adapted to quantify selenoneine and its methylated metabolite in belugamattaaq, an Inuit delicacy consisting of the skin with the underlying layer of fat and the major dietarysource of Se for Nunavimmiut. Total selenium concentration was also measured in RBC and belugamattaaq samples by isotope dilution ICP-MS/MS. The median selenoneine concentration in RBC was413mg Se/L (rangeŒ3.20e3230mg Se/L), representing 54% (median) of total Se content (rangeŒ1.6e91%). Quantification of selenoneine infive beluga mattaaq samples (skin layer) from Nunavik revealed amedian concentration of 1.8mg Se/g wet wt (rangeŒ1.2e7.4mg Se/g), constituting 54% (median) of thetotal Se content (rangeŒ44e74%). Se-methylselenoneine was also detected in Inuit RBC but not inbeluga mattaaq, suggesting that selenoneine undergoes methylation in humans. Selenoneine may protect Nunavimmiut from methylmecury toxicity by increasing its demethylation in RBC and in turndecreasing its distribution to target organs

    Combined quantum state preparation and laser cooling of a continuous beam of cold atoms

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    We use two-laser optical pumping on a continuous atomic fountain in order to prepare cold cesium atoms in the same quantum ground state. A first laser excites the F=4 ground state to pump the atoms toward F=3 while a second pi-polarized laser excites the F=3 -> F'=3 transition of the D2 line to produce Zeeman pumping toward m=0. To avoid trap states, we implement the first laser in a 2D optical lattice geometry, thereby creating polarization gradients. This configuration has the advantage of simultaneously producing Sisyphus cooling when the optical lattice laser is tuned between the F=4 -> F'=4 and F=4 -> F'=5 transitions of the D2 line, which is important to remove the heat produced by optical pumping. Detuning the frequency of the second pi-polarized laser reveals the action of a new mechanism improving both laser cooling and state preparation efficiency. A physical interpretation of this mechanism is discussed.Comment: Minor changes according to the recommendations of the referee: - Corrected Fig.1. - Split the graph of Fig.6 for clarity. - Added one reference. - Added two remarks in the conclusion. - Results unchange

    Le paysage de la peur en milieu agricole: le cas de la Grande Oie des neiges

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    Depuis environ 40 ans, l’intensification des pratiques agricoles a grandement transformĂ© le paysage agricole et ce tant, dans les AmĂ©riques qu’en Europe. Quoique, plusieurs espĂšces animales soient affectĂ©es nĂ©gativement par ces changements, certaines espĂšces en bĂ©nĂ©ficient. C’est le cas de la Grande Oie des neiges (Chen caerulescens atlantica) qui a vu sa population croĂźtre de façon importante et ce, au point de devenir problĂ©matique. De fait, la Grande Oie des neiges cause des dommages importants aux cultures du QuĂ©bec (1 646 229 ± 800 000 par an entre 2009 et 2015) et aux Ă©cosystĂšmes qu’elle utilise lorsqu’elle fait halte dans la vallĂ©e du Saint-Laurent, QuĂ©bec, Canada. Bien que plusieurs actions aient Ă©tĂ© tentĂ©es pour contrĂŽler sa population le problĂšme persiste. La quĂȘte alimentaire des animaux est entre autres modulĂ©e par les comportements anti-prĂ©dateurs, tels que le temps passĂ© en vigilance et une utilisation diffĂ©rentielle des habitats. Ces comportements sont Ă  leur tour affectĂ©s par le risque de prĂ©dation et la vie en groupe. En effet, le risque de prĂ©dation perçu par un individu dĂ©pend entre autres (1) de la taille du groupe auquel il appartient ; (2) de la densitĂ© et de l’activitĂ© des proies et des prĂ©dateurs dans l’environnement ; (3) de son niveau de connaissance de l’environnement ; et (4) des caractĂ©ristiques du paysage qu’il occupe. Il s’ensuit que le risque de prĂ©dation varie dans l’espace et dans le temps. La reprĂ©sentation cartographique de ce risque Ă  un moment donnĂ© consiste en un paysage de la peur, oĂč chaque location ou chaque Ă©lĂ©ment d’un paysage se voit associĂ© un risque de prĂ©dation. On s’attend donc Ă  ce que la quĂȘte alimentaire des individus, tant dans leur utilisation des habitats que dans leur budget d’activitĂ©, soit affectĂ©e par la structure du paysage de la peur. Par consĂ©quent, on peut se demander si le paysage de la peur peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme outil de gestion d’une espĂšce, notamment pour la Grande Oie des neiges. Mon objectif est de quantifier comment la perception du risque de prĂ©dation par la Grande Oie des neiges varie en fonction de diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments des paysages agricoles visitĂ©s par les oies, mais aussi de quantifier cette variation selon diffĂ©rentes contraintes Ă©nergĂ©tiques et temporelles durant leurs haltes migratoires. Ceci afin de voir si le paysage de la peur pourrait ĂȘtre utiliser comme outil de gestion. À ce titre, je vise Ă  mesurer l’effet du type de cultures, de la nature de l’élĂ©ment paysager, de la distance de celui-ci et du niveau de compĂ©tition intraspĂ©cifique au sein des sites d’alimentation et ce, durant les deux migrations, sur l’utilisation des habitats et le budget d’activitĂ© des oies. Je pose que les oies prendront plus de risques si les contraintes temporelles sont fortes, de mĂȘme que si elles se nourrissent dans une parcelle alimentaire de haute qualitĂ© et si elles subissent une plus forte de compĂ©tition. Pour ce faire, j’ai parcouru les Basses-Terres-du-Saint-Laurent de Salaberry-de-Valleyfield jusqu’à l’Islet lors des printemps 2014 et 2015 et de l’automne 2014. J’ai ainsi repĂ©rĂ© et observĂ© 141 groupes d’oies exploitant des terres agricoles pour lesquels j’ai notĂ© la position des individus dans les champs et mesurĂ© leur taux de vigilance, de mĂȘme que notĂ© divers facteurs qui pourraient affecter ces deux comportements, dont le type de cultures exploitĂ©es et le fait d’ĂȘtre ou non au sein d’une zone oĂč la chasse est permise. Au printemps, le taux de vigilance des oies Ă©tait, plus Ă©levĂ© dans les cultures de maĂŻs, plus bas si la densitĂ© locale d’oies augmentait et plus bas dans les sanctuaires (i.e., en absence de chasse). Alors qu’à l’automne, le taux de vigilance Ă©tait, plus Ă©levĂ© Ă  proximitĂ© d’une route ou d’un fossĂ© et plus Ă©levĂ© en bordure du groupe. Au printemps, la distance aux Ă©lĂ©ments du paysage potentiellement dangereux Ă©tait, plus grande face Ă  une bordure de forĂȘt et plus faible face Ă  la route. La distance Ă©tait plus petite dans les cultures de maĂŻs, plus Ă©levĂ©e dans le foin et plus faible dans les sanctuaires. À l’automne, les effets des diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments Ă©taient semblables Ă  ceux du printemps. La distance Ă©tait plus grande si la taille du groupe augmentait et plus petite dans les sanctuaires. De plus, les oies semblaient montrer un Ă©vitement des bordures forestiĂšres alors que les autres Ă©lĂ©ments du paysage Ă©tudiĂ©s ne semblent pas ĂȘtre sĂ©lectionnĂ©s ou Ă©vitĂ©s. Les oies subissent des contraintes diffĂ©rentes au printemps et Ă  l’automne. Ces contraintes semblent moduler la prise en compte du risque de prĂ©dation entre les saisons. En effet, les oies semblent privilĂ©gier l’alimentation au dĂ©triment de la prise de risques au printemps, une dĂ©cision probablement liĂ©e Ă  la reproduction dont le succĂšs dĂ©pend d’une arrivĂ©e relativement hĂątive sur les aires de nidification arctiques et donc, des rĂ©serves Ă©nergĂ©tiques accumulĂ©es sur les haltes migratoires. En opposition, les oies semblent prendre davantage conscience du risque de prĂ©dation dans leur quĂȘte alimentaire Ă  l’automne, ce qui pourrait ĂȘtre liĂ© au fait qu’elles sont accompagnĂ©es de leurs jeunes et Ă  une contrainte Ă©nergĂ©tique et temporelle plus faible qu’au printemps. En bref, les oies semblent subir les effets de la peur reliĂ©e Ă  la chasse. Mes rĂ©sultats semblent indiquer que le paysage de la peur pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© dans les stratĂ©gies de gestion. Par exemple, en instaurant des haies brise-vent dans les secteurs oĂč le risque de dommages agricoles est Ă©levĂ©, le risque de prĂ©dation perçu par les oies y serait plus Ă©levĂ© et pourrait ainsi diminuer l’utilisation de ces secteurs

    L'évaluation du raisonnement clinique en physiothérapie

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    Dans le contexte de l’enseignement universitaire en sciences de la santĂ©, des changements importants se sont produits au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies dans les programmes de formation professionnelle. Un de ces changements importants est le fait que ces programmes de formation professionnelle adoptent maintenant, pour la plupart, une approche par compĂ©tence. ParallĂšlement Ă  ce changement de paradigme dans la formation, les professions de la santĂ© considĂšrent de plus en plus le raisonnement clinique comme Ă©tant central Ă  la compĂ©tence du clinicien et lui rĂ©servent une place plus importante dans la formation. Ces deux changements dans la formation en science de la santĂ© ont entrainĂ© des questionnements quant aux mĂ©thodes d’évaluations du raisonnement clinique dans un contexte d’approche par compĂ©tence. Une des rĂ©ponses Ă  ces questionnements a Ă©tĂ© l’émergence de tests permettant de poser un jugement sur le raisonnement clinique dans le domaine de la mĂ©decine. En effet, au cours des 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es, des outils tels que le test de concordance de script (TCS) et les problĂšmes de raisonnement clinique (PRC) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s et ont fait l’objet de plusieurs Ă©tudes dans les diffĂ©rentes spĂ©cialitĂ©s de la mĂ©decine principalement. Bien que la physiothĂ©rapie partage plusieurs caractĂ©ristiques avec le domaine de la mĂ©decine, elle possĂšde aussi plusieurs diffĂ©rences. En ce sens, il Ă©tait pertinent de se questionner sur l’applicabilitĂ© de ces outils dans le contexte spĂ©cifique de la physiothĂ©rapie. Afin de collecter des donnĂ©es, des versions de ces tests ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es selon une table de spĂ©cification d’un cours du programme de physiothĂ©rapie de l’UniversitĂ© de Sherbrooke et ont Ă©tĂ© administrĂ©es Ă  93 Ă©tudiants volontaires des cohortes de deuxiĂšme, troisiĂšme et quatriĂšme annĂ©e du programme. Selon la procĂ©dure d’attribution des scores de ces tests, un panel d’experts (n=19) dans le domaine a aussi rĂ©pondu aux items. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus nous indiquent que les scores du TCS permettent de discerner des diffĂ©rences significatives entre les Ă©tudiants novices (2e annĂ©e) et les Ă©tudiants finissants de 4e annĂ©e du programme de physiothĂ©rapie, et ce, avec une taille d’effet importante (Cohen d =0,85). Par contre, il n’existe pas de diffĂ©rence significative entre le score moyen de la cohorte de 3e annĂ©e et celui des deux autres cohortes Ă  ce test. Des diffĂ©rences significatives ont Ă©tĂ© notĂ©es entre les scores du panel d’experts et celui des trois cohortes d’étudiants. Du cĂŽtĂ© des rĂ©sultats aux PRC, les scores Ă  ce test ne nous permettent pas de distinguer le niveau de dĂ©veloppement de raisonnement clinique des Ă©tudiants en physiothĂ©rapie entre les diffĂ©rentes annĂ©es de formation. Par contre, tout comme avec le TCS, des diffĂ©rences significatives ont Ă©tĂ© notĂ©es entre les scores du panel d’experts et celui des trois cohortes d’étudiants. De plus, nous avons analysĂ© et catĂ©gorisĂ© les 183 formulaires de stage des Ă©tudiants ayant participĂ© Ă  l’étude. Ces formulaires ont Ă©tĂ© catĂ©gorisĂ©s selon les observations au niveau du raisonnement clinique effectuĂ©es par les superviseurs de stage. Les rĂ©sultats de cette partie de l’étude nous suggĂšrent que les scores des PRC sont discriminants en fonction des rĂ©sultats de stage pour les diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories de rĂ©sultats. Du cĂŽtĂ© des scores au TCS, les Ă©tudiants ayant eu des difficultĂ©s de raisonnement clinique en stage se dĂ©marquent aussi par des scores plus faibles au TCS. ConsĂ©quemment, il est possible que ces outils puissent Ă©galement permettre de dĂ©pister des Ă©tudiants ayant des difficultĂ©s de raisonnement clinique et pouvant bĂ©nĂ©ficier d’une remĂ©diation Ă  ce niveau. Par contre, en tenant compte de ces rĂ©sultats encourageants, mais aussi du peu d’étudiants ayant eu des difficultĂ©s de raisonnement clinique en stage dans cette recherche, il sera nĂ©cessaire de confirmer ce rĂŽle de dĂ©pistage possible avec une Ă©tude de plus grande envergure.Major changes have occurred in the last few decades in teaching the health sciences at the university level in professional training programs. One of these major changes is that most professional training programs have now adopted a competency-based approach. At the same time that this change in training paradigm was occurring, health professions were increasingly considering clinical reasoning as being at the core of clinician competency and were granting it increasing importance in their programs. These two changes in health-science training put into question the methods for assessing clinical reasoning in a competency-based approach. One of the responses to this questioning was the emergence of tests to assess clinical reasoning in the field of medicine. Indeed, over the last 20 years, instruments such as the script concordance test (SCT) and clinical reasoning problems (CRPs) were developed and have been studied primarily in the various medical specialties. While physiotherapy and medicine share a number of characteristics, they also have several differences. As a result, the appropriateness of using these tools in the specific context of physiotherapy is an issue that should be explored. In an attempt to gather data, versions of these tests were developed using a table of specifications for a course in the physiotherapy program at the UniversitĂ© de Sherbrooke and were administered to 93 volunteer students from the second, third, and fourth year of the program. In accordance with the scoring procedure for these tests, a panel of experts in the field (n = 19) also responded to the items. The results obtained indicate that the SCT revealed significant differences between novice students (second year) and graduating students (fourth year) in the physiotherapy program with a significant effect size (Cohen d = 0.85). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the average score for third-year students and the other two cohorts. Significant differences were noted between the scores of the panel of experts and those of the students from the three cohorts. With respect to CRPs, the scores do not allow us to distinguish the level of clinical-reasoning development of physiotherapy students in the three years of training studied. On the other hand, as with the SCT, there were significant differences between the scores of the panel of experts and those of the students from the three cohorts. Moreover, we analyzed and categorized the 183 rotation forms of the students who participated in the study. These forms were categorized according to level of clinical reasoning based on the observations of rotation supervisors. The results of this part of the study suggest that the CRP scores were discriminating in terms of rotation results for the various categories of results. As for the SCT, the students who encountered difficulties with clinical reasoning during rotations also had the lowest SCT scores. Consequently, these tools may also be able to screen for students who have problems with clinical reasoning and could benefit from remedial assistance at this level. On the other hand, while these results are encouraging, the population sample of students with clinical-reasoning difficulties during rotations in this research was small. Therefore, the role of any possible screening requires confirmation through a broader study

    Determinants of selenoneine concentration in red blood cells of Inuit from Nunavik (Northern Québec, Canada)

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    Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral essential to human health, and is especially abundant in marine foods consumed by Inuit populations in Nunavik (northern Quebec, Canada), leading to exceptionally high whole blood Se levels. While most epidemiological studies to date examine plasma or whole blood Se, little is known about the health implications of specific Se biomarkers (e.g. selenoproteins and small Se compounds). Selenoneine, a novel Se compound, is found in high concentrations in marine foods (and particularly beluga mattaaq) and the red blood cells (RBCs) of populations that consume them. We report here RBC selenoneine concentrations in a population of Inuit adults (n = 885) who participated in the Qanuippitaa? 2004 survey. Simple associations between RBC selenoneine and other Se and mercury (Hg) biomarkers were assessed using Spearman correlations and linear regressions. Wilcoxon ranksum tests were used to examine differences in biomarkers and characteristics between tertiles of RBC selenoneine concentration. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine factors (sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary) associated with RBC selenoneine concentrations. Selenoneine comprised a large proportion of whole blood Se and RBC Se in this population. Age and sex-adjusted geometric mean RBC selenoneine concentration was 118â€ŻÎŒg/L (range: 1-3226â€ŻÎŒg/L) and was much higher (p = 0.001) among women (150.3â€ŻÎŒg/L) than men (87.6â€ŻÎŒg/L) across all regions of Nunavik after controlling for age, region, and diet. RBC selenoneine was highly correlated with RBC Se (rs = 0.96, p < 0.001) and whole blood Se (rs = 0.89, p < 0.001), but only weakly correlated with plasma Se (rs = 0.13, p < 0.001). Overall, increasing age (standardized ÎČ = 0.24), higher body-mass index (BMI; ÎČ = 0.08), female sex (ÎČ = 0.10), living in a Hudson Strait community (compared to Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay; ÎČ = 0.38), and consuming beluga mattaaq (g/day; ÎČ = 0.19) were positively associated with RBC selenoneine. Meanwhile, consumption of market meats (g/day; ÎČ = -0.07) was negatively associated with RBC selenoneine. RBC selenoneine is an important biomarker of Se dietary intake from local marine foods in Inuit populations. Further studies are needed to examine the health effects of selenoneine intake and the underlying mechanisms for sex differences among Inuit populations
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