Purification of waters and elimination of organochloric insecticides by means of active coal

Pollution of water and the determination of the degree of its pollution with numerous physical, chemical and biological polluters have become general, ever increasing social and health related problems. Within this study, the concentrations of some most frequently used organochloric insecticides (OCI): a-hexachlorocyclohexane (a-HCH), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethane (DDT) were investigated. OCI are highly toxic substances for the human population and their effective elimination from the environment is of paramount interest. To determine the OCI concentration in water samples, the EPA–608 method and the liquid–liquid extraction principle were applied. A procedure for OCI elimination was realized by passing the water over four columns filled with various active coals: KRF, K-81/B, NORIT ROW-0.8 and AQUA SORB CS. These active coals are carbonized coconut shells activated by different procedures. The obtained results indicated that best purification of potable and waste water achieved using a column with Norit Row-0.8 filling. Research proved that small quantities of OCI can also be effectively removed using a Norit Row-0.8 active coal filled column, without altering the organoleptic properties of the water, which meets the requirements of water purification processes

New quantitative criteria assess the degree of environmental water pollution with organochlorine insecticides

Environmental pollution is the result of rapid urbanization, industrialization, transport development and intensive agricultural production with the constant introduction of new technologies. Since the middle of last century, a disproportion occurs between the increase in human population and the necessary renewal of natural resources. The problem of water protection is an integral part of the overall problem of protection, promotion and preservation of the environment. Water protection is a broad and complex topic, so it is interdisciplinary. Increased use of chemicals in agriculture, particularly organochlorine insecticides (OCI) plant protection products, lead to their increased amount in water. Although OCI are very toxic substances for wildlife, especially for humans, a large part of the population is exposed to their daily activities in small quantities. For many OCI there is not enough data on the toxicity and we can not perform an accurate assessment of security. Previous studies did not provide accurate information about the effects on human health at concentrations normally found in drinking water. OCI presence in drinking water is generally below the maximum allowable concentration, but repeated doses can cause chronic toxic effects. For these reasons, the main objective of cleaning water is getting water from the lower concentration of OCI. Standard methods of water purification do not remove pesticides, so it is necessary to introduce some additional treatment using coagulation, oxidation and adsorption agents. Many studies suggest a beneficial effect of water purification, activated carbon. Activated carbon is, today, considered the most effective substance in purification of water contaminated with OCI but the procedure is still under developement. Adsorption characteristics of activated carbon must meet the requirement of efficient water purification of organochlorine insecticides, and other substances that are prohibited in concentrations. For these reasons, the goal of research is to analyze the state of the burden of drinking and wastewater aggregate and individual OCI prescribed in the Regulations of the chemical quality of drinking water (Official Gazette of FRY, no. 42/98 and 44/99). The survey covered the following OCI: alpha-hexachloro cyclohexane, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane. For some OCI values of maximum permissible concentrations are not organized in our normative and EU reulative. Therefore, the overall goal of the research is to establishing new criteria for each tested OCI. In addition, the aim of the research includes finding the most efficient method of water purification using commercial activated carbons. To achieve the objective of the survey water was analyzed from the water supply of the City of Kraljevo and waste water from fruit plants PIK „Takovo” and ZZ „Lunovo selo”. In the water samples qualitative and quantitative analysis of physical-chemical parameters were performed, total and individual OCI required by the current regulations. The analyzes were performed before and after the water purification. For the purification of water we used an experimental model of columns filled with four kinds of activated carbons, which can be found on the market. Physico-chemical analysis of water were made by following methods: · volumetric methods (volumetric determination of organic substances-consumption of KMnO4, calcium and magnesium); · electrochemical method (pH); · spectrophotometric methods (determination of nitrate, ammonia, iron); · chemical methods: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, total organic carbon (TOC) and surface-active matters (SAM). Present organochlorine insecticides were treated according to the appropriate method of the EPA-608, a liquid-liquid extraction. The method is equally applicable for determination of organochlorine insecticides in drinking water and wastewater. Investigated organochlorine insecticides were detected by gas chromatography chromatograph "Perkin Elmer" 8500 with ECD detector, with appropriate columns . Quantitative data on the toxicity of the investigated physico-chemical parameters and specific organochlorine insecticides in water were obtained as the sum of the quotient of measured concentrations and corresponding boundary residue levels (MAC) taken from the applicable ordinances and regulations: Based on the objectives and the results obtained, among other things, following conclusions were derived: · Analysis of physico-chemical parameters and total organochlorine insecticides in samples of drinking water indicates that the water meets the standards of the Ordinance on the sanitary quality of drinking water (Official Gazette of FRY, no. 42/98 and 44/99). · The tap water: Institute of Public Health, Kraljevo and pumping stations Konarevo showed increased concentration of organochlorine insecticide heptachlor and aldrin, which is an alarming fact, and further extensive testing and water treatment are necessary. · The drinking water of the city of Kraljevo must be treated with activated carbon to meet standards given by the Regulations. · It was found that, of the tested commercial activated carbons, the best effect of drinking water treatment, based of physico-chemical parameters, total and individual OCI, achieved by column experimental model, which is filled with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8. When it comes to changes in water quality predicted Regulation on hygienic drinking water. · The effect of wastewater treatment on the physical and chemical parameters, total and individual OCI is high and the best column in an experimental model which is filled with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8, more than 92%. Treated waste water have, a pH value that is increased compared to the values predicted applicable statutes and regulations. · Based on the results of determining the toxicity of hazardous substances examined, it can be concluded that drinking and waste water must be purified. · Ordinance on Hazardous Substances in water prescribed values of maximum permissible levels for drinking water, wastewater and river waters are high and inadequate, we clearly identify our research. · The maximum allowable concentrations of organochlorine insecticides in rivers of all classes have changed and they need to be srticter because most cities is supplying drinking water from rivers that are not treated or only partially treated. · For waste water, regardless of whether they are discharged into the sewer or river must be established purification systems. The results of this study indicate the need for treatment of wastewater from industrial fruit before discharge to receiving waters. · This research suggests that the experimental model with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8 is an efficient process for purification of water and that further research should focus on developing a commercial model. Its application would be particularly important in rural areas in order to obtain good quality water for irrigation. The overall objective of our research was to determine the value of the maximum allowable concentration, or new quantitative criteria for each tested organochlorine insecticide, but during the preparation of this dissertation in Serbia new rules and regulations were established: · Ordinance on the determination of surface water bodies and ground water, Official Gazette of RS, 96/10; · Ordinance on the parameters of the ecological and chemical status of surface water and chemical parameters and quantitative status of groundwater, Official Gazette of RS, 74/11 and · Regulation on limit values for pollutants in surface and ground waters and sediments and deadlines for their achievement, Official Gazette of RS, 50/12, who do not recognize the organochlorine insecticides such pollutants of surface, ground and waste water. Our obtained results provide evidence that the studied organochlorine insecticides belong to the pollutants and waste drinking water and justify the need for their return to the rules and regulations. There is a need of adopting new MAC values for all OCI that regulations and their harmonization with EU directives and guidelines of the WHO. Also, we should not forget that the purification of drinking and waste water especially from the present organochlorine insecticides, are increasingly necessary if we want to join Europe and to meet European standards for discharge of wastewater into the city sewers or rivers. To maintain the quality of surface, and therefore drinking water, following measures must be carried out: · rational and adequate use of fertilizers; · optimal use of protective equipment; · intensive channeling urban areas and settlements; · proper construction and siting landfills; · reduction of emissions from industry; · planning of green areas; · proper use of technology in agricultural production (land cultivation, land fragmentation, directional winds, relationships and waste disposal); · prohibition of discharges of waste water without treatment; · construction of a wastewater treatment plant; · regular control by the inspection and the others professional services in all phases and stages of various human activities. The results obtained during the research can be beneficial for everyone involved in assessing the level of environmental improvement, protection water and health protection.The research is of great public interest and has undoubted theoretical and practical significance

ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES IN DRINKING WATER IN THE CITY OF KRALJEVO

Organochlorine insecticides (OCI) belong to the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons with wide, but often uncontrolled, application in agricultural production. The consequence of this is that OCI and their residues are found in numerous samples ecosphere. Contamination of aquatic environments is particularly emphasized. Although OCI are toxic substance for wildlife, especially for human, a large part of the population is daily exposed to their activities in small quantities. OCI presence in drinking water is generally below the maximum allowable concentrations, whereas repeated doses can cause chronic toxic effects. For these reasons, it is necessary to continuously monitor the concentration of OCI in drinking water and perform its purification in order to obtain water with the lowest possible concentration. This work included the analysis of individual OCI concentration in drinking water, the city of Kraljevo. Certain individual concentration for seven OCI: alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). OCI were treated according to the appropriate EPA-608 method, liquid-liquid extraction, and then detected by gas chromatography method with appropriate columns. From the measured concentrations for individual OCI significantly increase heptachlor, which is almost four times, and aldrin, two times higher compared to the value of the said Ordinance MAC. Measured concentrations of dieldrin is at the upper limit value of the MAC. About a measured concentration of endrin could not be discussed because it is not regulated by the Ordinance value MAC.Overall, cumulative concentration OCI water pumping station with 0.294 µg/l, which is in line with the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 µg/l according to the Regulations on the hygienic safety of drinking water. Given that this paper analyzed only seven organochlorine insecticides, it is the value of aggregate concentration unexpectedly high (over 50%). The results presented OCI in drinking water, especially measured increased concentrations of aldrin and heptachlor, indicate the processes of chemical contamination. For these reasons it is necessary to continuously check the concentration of total and individual OCI in drinking water and take effective measures purification

Spatial and time aspects of the analysis of pollutants in the river water and its sediments

The main objective of this study was to determine whether there are the spatial and temporal changes in physico-chemical properties of water and concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment of the River Ibar upstream and downstream of Kosovska Mitrovica and Kraljevo. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, electrical conductivity, suspended matter content, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, contents of nitrates, ammonium ion, total phosphorous, sulphates. Concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediment samples were determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using a SPECTRO AR COS instrument. The water of the Ibar River after flowing through Kraljevo shows a higher degree of pollution than in Kosovska Mitrovica. However, the water upstream and downstream of Kraljevo is of similar quality indicating that the pollution source is not located in Kraljevo, but along the river section between the two towns. This study has also proved that the water quality in Kraljevo did not significantly change during the period 2010-2016. The highest concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, ortophosphates and ammonium ion are found in colder months. During spring-summer change electrical conductivity, pH and concentration of sulphates has most prominent change in the analyzed Ibar River water in Kraljevo

Impact the concentration of suspended particles PM10 on the air pollution in the City of Kraljevo (Serbia)

This paper analyzes the concentration of PM10 suspended particles in the air sampled from one measuring spot in the downtown area of the City of Kraljevo. The analysis includes 1358 samples (one sample per 24 hours) in the period 2012-2015. Sampling of the ambient air and analysis of samples were carried out by the standard methods. Gravimetric method of analyzed samples has shown that the suspended particle concentration was in the interval of 2.17-405.43 mg/m3. Apart from that, 420 samples, or 30.9% of the analyzed samples, exceeded the limit and tolerance values. As 95% of these cases took place during the heating season, it can be concluded that the manner of heating of the City of Kraljevo plays a dominant role in increased air pollution by the suspended particles PM10. The increased level of air pollution by these particle has a negative impact on human health and eco-system of this City

Organic geochemical approach in the identification of oil-type pollutants in water and sediment of the River Ibar

In this paper an applied organic geochemical approach in studying the nature of organic matter (OM) in water and sediments of the River Ibar (upsteream and downstream of towns Kosovska Mitrovica and Kraljevo) was used. A forensic approach that relies on the fact that the composition of OM of recent sediments and oil varies due to geological age and maturity was applied. The content of bitumen, its group composition of saturated, aromatic and NSO compounds (nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen compounds) and the distribution of n-alkanes in saturated fractions identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (in almost all samples incorporated into the colloidal micelles formed by water and NSO compounds) could not answer the question whether OM in isolated extracts has native or anthropogenic origin. However, the presence of sterane and terpane, with the distribution of structural and stereochemical isomers characteristic of oil, as a form of most matture OM in sediments, unambiguously confirmed presence of oil type pollutants in anlayzed samples. Based on significant differences in the distributions of these polycyclic alkane (water-water, sediment-sediment and water-sediment), it was concluded that they have more than one source of pollution, and that the River Ibar is permanently exposed to this form of pollution

Supplementary data for article: Milićević, Z.; Marinović, D.; Gajica, G.; Kašanin-Grubin, M.; Jovanović, V.; Jovančićević, B. Organic Geochemical Approach in the Identification of Oil-Type Pollutants in Water and Sediment of the River Ibar. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 2017, 82 (5), 593–605. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC161129022M

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC161129022M]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2507

Quality of the river Ibar from Biljanovac to Kraljevo

Voda reke Ibar se koristi za vodosnabdevanje kao i za potrebe stanovništva mnogih mesta, stoga je praćenje kvaliteta vode reke Ibar od primarnog značaja za utvrđivanje kontaminiranosti vodenog ekosistema i zaštite čovekovog zdravlja. Rad je nastavak projekta monitoringa reke Ibar od Raške do Kraljeva. Na 34. međunarodnom stručno-naučnom skupu na Tari je dat uticaj otpadnih voda opštine Raška i Baljevca na kvalitet reke Ibar. A cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže uticaj svih naseljenih mesta od Biljanovca do Konareva na kvalitet vode reke Ibar. Ukupno 15 merenja na 3 merna mesta u dužini oko 50 km. Reka Ibar prolazi kroz naseljena mesta gde je razvijena industrija i kroz nenaseljena mesta.The water of the Ibar river is used for water supply and other purposes, so monitoring the water quality of the river Ibar of primary importance for the contamination of water ecosystems and protecting human health. This paper is a continuation of the monitoring of the Ibar river of Raska and Kraljevo. Last year, at the 34th international professional scientific meeting at Tara was given the impact of wastewater municipality of Raška and Baljevac the quality of the Ibar river. A goal of this paper is to show the impact of settlements from Biljanovac to Konarevo the water quality of the Ibar river. Total of 15 measurements at three measuring sites separated 50 km are presented. The Ibar river is passing both through urban areas where the industry is developed and through uninhabited places

Comparison of Enterprise resource planning solutions in the company Unior, d. d.

Diplomsko delo predstavlja metodologijo izbora celovite programske rešitve v podjetju Unior, d. d. Prvi del tega diplomskega dela opisuje, kaj so celovite programske rešitve, kakšne so njihove značilnosti, prednosti in slabosti, kakšen način izbire rešitve lahko zasledimo v strokovni literaturi, razloge za uvedbo in kakšni so možni pristopi uvajanja rešitev v podjetje. Drugi del diplomskega dela predstavlja način izbire celovite programske rešitve v podjetju Unior, d. d. in primerjavo štirih rešitev različnih ponudnikov. Dve rešitvi sta plod slovenskih razvijalcev, preostali dve pa sta rešitvi dveh svetovnih ponudnikov celovitih programskih rešitev. V zaključku diplomskega dela bomo analizirali način izbire celovite programske rešitve in komentirali končno odločitev podjetja o izbiri le-te.The thesis presents a comprehensive methodology for the selection of software solutions in the company Unior, d. d. The first part of the thesis describes what enterprise resource planning solutions are, what are their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, we will look at how the choice of solutions can be found in the literature, the reasons for the introduction and what are the possible approaches for deployment solutions into the company. The second part of the thesis presents a selection mode software solutions in the company Unior, d. d. and a comparison of four different solution providers. Two solutions are the result of Slovenian developers, and the remaining two are the solution of two global providers of enterprise resource planning. At end, we will analyze the selection method enterprise resource planning and commented on the final decision on the selection of company

New quantitative criteria assess the degree of environmental water pollution with organochlorine insecticides

Environmental pollution is the result of rapid urbanization, industrialization, transport development and intensive agricultural production with the constant introduction of new technologies. Since the middle of last century, a disproportion occurs between the increase in human population and the necessary renewal of natural resources. The problem of water protection is an integral part of the overall problem of protection, promotion and preservation of the environment. Water protection is a broad and complex topic, so it is interdisciplinary. Increased use of chemicals in agriculture, particularly organochlorine insecticides (OCI) plant protection products, lead to their increased amount in water. Although OCI are very toxic substances for wildlife, especially for humans, a large part of the population is exposed to their daily activities in small quantities. For many OCI there is not enough data on the toxicity and we can not perform an accurate assessment of security. Previous studies did not provide accurate information about the effects on human health at concentrations normally found in drinking water. OCI presence in drinking water is generally below the maximum allowable concentration, but repeated doses can cause chronic toxic effects. For these reasons, the main objective of cleaning water is getting water from the lower concentration of OCI. Standard methods of water purification do not remove pesticides, so it is necessary to introduce some additional treatment using coagulation, oxidation and adsorption agents. Many studies suggest a beneficial effect of water purification, activated carbon. Activated carbon is, today, considered the most effective substance in purification of water contaminated with OCI but the procedure is still under developement. Adsorption characteristics of activated carbon must meet the requirement of efficient water purification of organochlorine insecticides, and other substances that are prohibited in concentrations. For these reasons, the goal of research is to analyze the state of the burden of drinking and wastewater aggregate and individual OCI prescribed in the Regulations of the chemical quality of drinking water (Official Gazette of FRY, no. 42/98 and 44/99). The survey covered the following OCI: alpha-hexachloro cyclohexane, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane. For some OCI values of maximum permissible concentrations are not organized in our normative and EU reulative. Therefore, the overall goal of the research is to establishing new criteria for each tested OCI. In addition, the aim of the research includes finding the most efficient method of water purification using commercial activated carbons. To achieve the objective of the survey water was analyzed from the water supply of the City of Kraljevo and waste water from fruit plants PIK „Takovo” and ZZ „Lunovo selo”. In the water samples qualitative and quantitative analysis of physical-chemical parameters were performed, total and individual OCI required by the current regulations. The analyzes were performed before and after the water purification. For the purification of water we used an experimental model of columns filled with four kinds of activated carbons, which can be found on the market. Physico-chemical analysis of water were made by following methods: · volumetric methods (volumetric determination of organic substances-consumption of KMnO4, calcium and magnesium); · electrochemical method (pH); · spectrophotometric methods (determination of nitrate, ammonia, iron); · chemical methods: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, total organic carbon (TOC) and surface-active matters (SAM). Present organochlorine insecticides were treated according to the appropriate method of the EPA-608, a liquid-liquid extraction. The method is equally applicable for determination of organochlorine insecticides in drinking water and wastewater. Investigated organochlorine insecticides were detected by gas chromatography chromatograph "Perkin Elmer" 8500 with ECD detector, with appropriate columns . Quantitative data on the toxicity of the investigated physico-chemical parameters and specific organochlorine insecticides in water were obtained as the sum of the quotient of measured concentrations and corresponding boundary residue levels (MAC) taken from the applicable ordinances and regulations: Based on the objectives and the results obtained, among other things, following conclusions were derived: · Analysis of physico-chemical parameters and total organochlorine insecticides in samples of drinking water indicates that the water meets the standards of the Ordinance on the sanitary quality of drinking water (Official Gazette of FRY, no. 42/98 and 44/99). · The tap water: Institute of Public Health, Kraljevo and pumping stations Konarevo showed increased concentration of organochlorine insecticide heptachlor and aldrin, which is an alarming fact, and further extensive testing and water treatment are necessary. · The drinking water of the city of Kraljevo must be treated with activated carbon to meet standards given by the Regulations. · It was found that, of the tested commercial activated carbons, the best effect of drinking water treatment, based of physico-chemical parameters, total and individual OCI, achieved by column experimental model, which is filled with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8. When it comes to changes in water quality predicted Regulation on hygienic drinking water. · The effect of wastewater treatment on the physical and chemical parameters, total and individual OCI is high and the best column in an experimental model which is filled with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8, more than 92%. Treated waste water have, a pH value that is increased compared to the values predicted applicable statutes and regulations. · Based on the results of determining the toxicity of hazardous substances examined, it can be concluded that drinking and waste water must be purified. · Ordinance on Hazardous Substances in water prescribed values of maximum permissible levels for drinking water, wastewater and river waters are high and inadequate, we clearly identify our research. · The maximum allowable concentrations of organochlorine insecticides in rivers of all classes have changed and they need to be srticter because most cities is supplying drinking water from rivers that are not treated or only partially treated. · For waste water, regardless of whether they are discharged into the sewer or river must be established purification systems. The results of this study indicate the need for treatment of wastewater from industrial fruit before discharge to receiving waters. · This research suggests that the experimental model with active carbon NORIT ROW-0.8 is an efficient process for purification of water and that further research should focus on developing a commercial model. Its application would be particularly important in rural areas in order to obtain good quality water for irrigation. The overall objective of our research was to determine the value of the maximum allowable concentration, or new quantitative criteria for each tested organochlorine insecticide, but during the preparation of this dissertation in Serbia new rules and regulations were established: · Ordinance on the determination of surface water bodies and ground water, Official Gazette of RS, 96/10; · Ordinance on the parameters of the ecological and chemical status of surface water and chemical parameters and quantitative status of groundwater, Official Gazette of RS, 74/11 and · Regulation on limit values for pollutants in surface and ground waters and sediments and deadlines for their achievement, Official Gazette of RS, 50/12, who do not recognize the organochlorine insecticides such pollutants of surface, ground and waste water. Our obtained results provide evidence that the studied organochlorine insecticides belong to the pollutants and waste drinking water and justify the need for their return to the rules and regulations. There is a need of adopting new MAC values for all OCI that regulations and their harmonization with EU directives and guidelines of the WHO. Also, we should not forget that the purification of drinking and waste water especially from the present organochlorine insecticides, are increasingly necessary if we want to join Europe and to meet European standards for discharge of wastewater into the city sewers or rivers. To maintain the quality of surface, and therefore drinking water, following measures must be carried out: · rational and adequate use of fertilizers; · optimal use of protective equipment; · intensive channeling urban areas and settlements; · proper construction and siting landfills; · reduction of emissions from industry; · planning of green areas; · proper use of technology in agricultural production (land cultivation, land fragmentation, directional winds, relationships and waste disposal); · prohibition of discharges of waste water without treatment; · construction of a wastewater treatment plant; · regular control by the inspection and the others professional services in all phases and stages of various human activities. The results obtained during the research can be beneficial for everyone involved in assessing the level of environmental improvement, protection water and health protection.The research is of great public interest and has undoubted theoretical and practical significance