GERAÇÃO DE MAPAS DE RISCOS NATURAIS EM SANTARÉM – PA: ABORDAGEM BASEADA NA LÓGICA FUZZY

O mapeamento de riscos naturais identifica áreas suscetíveis que apresentam potencial de danos eminentes à população de uma sede urbana. Desse modo, tais mapas representam essencial instrumento para o planejamento urbano, que fomentam a sustentabilidade do ordenamento territorial. Este manuscrito visa gerar mapas de riscos através da análise computacional assistida baseada na técnica fuzzy. A base de dados utilizada reuniu imagens do sensor ASTER-GDEM e do radar ALOS-PALSAR. Estas imagens foram utilizadas para investigar os perigos naturais de inundação gradual e movimento gravitacional de massa na sede urbana de Santarém – PA. Para validação dos resultados obtidos pela fuzzificação foi desenvolvida uma comparação com trabalhos já realizados na área de estudo para os mesmos temas. Para inundação gradual as áreas de riscos alto e moderado são regiões adjacentes as bacias de drenagens na sede urbana e possuem baixa altitude e declividade. Para o evento de movimento de massa as regiões de alto risco são de moderada altitude e alto declive. Os mapas de riscos gerados a partir da lógica fuzzy corroboraram os resultados obtidos com trabalho de campo em estudos anteriores. Tais mapas sugerem que a rotina desenvolvida é eficaz para prever e identificar áreas de risco

Osteosynthesis metal plate system for bone fixation using bicortical screws: numerical modelling

This work describes the numerical modelling of an immobilization system currently used to repair long bone fractures. The referred system was employed to ensure the mechanical stabilization of an oblique bone fracture by means of a dynamic compression plate (DCP) and bicortical screws. The numerical characterization of the fixation system was performed to obtain stress and strain fields in cortical bone tissue. The validation of the numerical model was performed using experimental data previously obtained in other work. Since the experimental characterization indorsed the visualization of the screw pull-out phenomenon during the loading process, damage parameters (trapezoidal law) were measured experimentally in this region. These parameters were introduced in the finite element model (FEM) to simulate the initiation and propagation of damage in bone tissue. A mixed-mode (I+II) damage law was used to mimic the mechanical behaviour of the bone fracture and the screw-bone interface

Classificação semiautomatizada dos padrões de dunas costeiras dos principais campos do estado do Maranhão

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Conforti Ferreira GuedesCoorientador: Dr. Cleyton de Carvalho Carneiro (PMI/USP)Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia. Defesa : Curitiba, 20/05/2019Inclui referências: p. 71-78Resumo: Os estudos sobre os sistemas eólicos costeiros de caráter quantitativos são realizados a partir dos parâmetros morfoplanimétricos. Estes parâmetros refletem as disposições espaciais das dunas dentro de um sistema eólico que, por sua vez, representam determinado estágio de evolução e maturidade do sistema no tempo, e são resultantes de condições limites impostas aos sistemas eólicos. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são: com base na análise quantitativa dos parâmetros morfoplanimétricos, entender a evolução dos quatro principais campos de dunas costeiros do Maranhão e sua relação com as condições limites impostas a esses campos. E, elaborar um algoritmo a partir do método self-organizing maps (SOM) para a extração semiautomática das dunas em dados do satélite LANDSAT 8, uma vez que esse processo de extração atualmente é feito manualmente em trabalhos, que torna trabalhoso para campo de dunas extensos. Para realizar o primeiro objetivo foram extraídas de modo manual, a partir da identificação visual em imagens do satélite GeoEye, as cristas das dunas, representadas por linhas. Essas cristas foram utilizadas como subsídio para a geração dos parâmetros morfoplanimétricos. Os parâmetros de espaçamento intercristas e densidade de defeitos de crista são os parâmetros que apresentaram melhor correlação, com correlação negativa para os três maiores campos de dunas de estudos e correlação positiva para o campo de Ilha do Caju. Essa correlação negativa indica dois diferentes cenários de evolução nos campos, o primeiro cenário com regiões mais evoluídas, de dunas muito interagentes entre si, e a segunda com regiões menos evoluídas, com dunas pouco interagentes. Já a Ilha do Caju apresenta uma maior evolução homogênea se comparada aos campos de maiores áreas que indicam uma evolução e maturação mais rápida em campos menores. Para o segundo objetivo foi necessário filtrar e selecionar, através de uma matriz de correlação, quais as bandas óticas de sensores remotos são mais eficientes para utilizar como dado de entrada no treinamento do algoritmo de reconhecimento automático das dunas. O algoritmo treinado conseguiu distinguir as feições de dunas e as demais feições dentro do campo dunar. Porém, dentre as variáveis usadas no treinamento, as bandas óticas 2 e 7 foram redundantes e, com isso, será necessário um novo treinamento sem essas bandas para que se obtenha uma maior precisão no reconhecimento das dunas em sistemas eólicos. Palavras-chave: semiautomatizada; parâmetros morfoplanimétricos; Self-Organizing Maps.Abstract: Quantitative studies on coastal wind systems are usually performed based on morphometric parameters. These parameters reflect the spatial arrangement of dunes within a wind system which in turn represents the stage of evolution and maturity of it over time and is the result of boundary conditions imposed on the system. The objectives of the present work are: understand the evolution of the four main coastal dune fields in Maranhão and their relationship with the boundary conditions imposed on these fields; elaborate an algorithm based on the self-organizing maps method (SOM) for the semiautomatic extraction of dunes from LANDSAT 8 satellite data, facilitating the study modern wind systems, since this process is now done manually, requiring extensive work. In order to accomplish the first objective, the dune crests represented by lines were extracted manually based on visual identification in GeoEye satellite images. These crests were used as a subsidy for the generation of morphometric parameters. The parameters of intercrist spacing and crest defect density presented the best correlation, with negative correlation for the three largest dune fields and positive correlation for the Caju Island field. This negative correlation indicates that there is a differentiated evolution in the fields, the first one with more developed regions, of very interacted dunes, and the second with less developed regions, with little interacted dunes. Caju Island is the most mature and homogeneous when compared to the larger ones, indicating a faster evolution and maturation of smaller fields. Concerning the second objective, it was necessary to filter and select remote sensor optical bands, applying a correlation matrix, in order to indentify the more efficient ones to use as input data in the automatic dune recognition algorithm training. The trained algorithm was able to distinguish the features of the dune field and individual dunes, despite the identification of the redundancy of the optical bands 2 and 7, which reduced the precision the proposed method. A new training without these bands is necessary to obtain a better precision in the recognition of dunes in wind systems. Keywords: semiautomatized; morphometric parameters; Self-Organizing Maps

Vulnerabilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo em Santarém (PA)

Derramamentos de óleo podem impactar o ambiente natural e antrópico. O objetivo do presente trabalho trata do mapeamento da vulnerabilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo, provenientes dos transportes fluviais, comercias e turísticos na orla da cidade de Santarém (estado do Pará). Para isso, foram utilizados como base mapas temáticos de: uso/ocupação do solo e cobertura vegetal, declividade, solo, geologia e de inundação, aplicando análise e modelagem em (SIG), através da álgebra de mapas, em categorias hierárquicas de acordo com classes de vulnerabilidade para cada variável mapeada, com valores de “1” (menos vulnerável) a “5” (mais vulnerável). A análise do mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental, demonstrou regiões de alta e muito alta vulnerabilidade localizadas na área urbana onde ocorrem inundações. A predominância da classe de média vulnerabilidade, correspondente a 45% dos resultados devido principalmente à interação da classe de uso do solo com a unidade litológica de sedimentos referentes ao Depósitos Aluvionares e a Formação Alter do Chão. Nesta classe está inserido o Porto Organizado de Santarém com atividades intensas de transporte de cargas e pessoas. Assim, os resultados produzidos servem de instrumento auxiliar ao planejamento ambiental para as regiões mais vulneráveis ao derrame de óleo na orla de Santarém – PA.Oil spills can affect the natural and anthropic environment. The aim of the present work is the mapping of the environmental vulnerability to oil spills derived from fluvial, commercial and tourist transports. The study area is located on the border of Santarém – PA, Brazil, at the confluence of Amazonas and Tapajós rivers. To do so, thematic maps of land use/occupation and vegetation cover, slope, soil, geology, and flood were used as a base. They were rasterized and later reclassified with the ArcMap 10.3 software in hierarchical categories according to classes of vulnerability for each variable mapped, using values from "1" (less vulnerable) to "5" (more vulnerable), adapted from the established methodology. Based on the analysis of the environmental vulnerability map, it was possible to observe in the study area that very high and high vulnerability occurs at the extreme east, central region and near the mouth of the Irurá stream. Such an area is an urban area where floods occur. The predominance of the medium vulnerability classes in the region, corresponding to 45% of the studied area, is due mainly to the interaction of the land-use class with the lithological unit of sediments referring to Alluvial Reservoirs and Alter do Chão Formation. In this class is located the Organized Port of Santarém with intense activities of transport of loads and people.Derramamentos de óleo podem impactar o ambiente natural e antrópico. O objetivo do presente trabalho trata do mapeamento da vulnerabilidade ambiental ao derramamento de óleo, provenientes dos transportes fluviais, comercias e turísticos na orla da cidade de Santarém (estado do Pará). Para isso, foram utilizados como base mapas temáticos de: uso/ocupação do solo e cobertura vegetal, declividade, solo, geologia e de inundação, aplicando análise e modelagem em (SIG), através da álgebra de mapas, em categorias hierárquicas de acordo com classes de vulnerabilidade para cada variável mapeada, com valores de “1” (menos vulnerável) a “5” (mais vulnerável). A análise do mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental, demonstrou regiões de alta e muito alta vulnerabilidade localizadas na área urbana onde ocorrem inundações. A predominância da classe de média vulnerabilidade, correspondente a 45% dos resultados devido principalmente à interação da classe de uso do solo com a unidade litológica de sedimentos referentes ao Depósitos Aluvionares e a Formação Alter do Chão. Nesta classe está inserido o Porto Organizado de Santarém com atividades intensas de transporte de cargas e pessoas. Assim, os resultados produzidos servem de instrumento auxiliar ao planejamento ambiental para as regiões mais vulneráveis ao derrame de óleo na orla de Santarém – PA

Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation

The purpose of this study was to investigate energy system contributions and energy costs in combat situations. The sample consisted of 10 male taekwondo athletes (age: 21 +/- 6 years old; height: 176.2 +/- 5.3 cm; body mass: 67.2 +/- 8.9 kg) who compete at the national or international level. To estimate the energy contributions, and total energy cost of the fights, athletes performed a simulated competition consisting of three 2 min rounds with a 1 min recovery between each round. The combats were filmed to quantify the actual time spent fighting in each round. The contribution of the aerobic (WAER), anaerobic alactic (W-PCR), and anaerobic lactic (Wleft perpendicularLA-right perpendicular) energy systems was estimated through the measurement of oxygen consumption during the activity, the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and the change in blood lactate concentration in each round, respectively. The mean ratio of high intensity actions to moments of low intensity (steps and pauses) was similar to 1:7. The W-AER, W-PCR and (Wleft perpendicularLA-right perpendicular) system contributions were estimated as 120 +/- 22 kJ (66 +/- 6%), 54 +/- 21 kJ (30 +/- 6%), 8.5 kJ (4 +/- 2%), respectively. Thus, training sessions should be directed mainly to the improvement of the anaerobic alactic system (responsible by the highintensity actions), and of the aerobic system (responsible by the recovery process between high- intensity actions)

Genotoxic potential of 10% and 16% Carbamide Peroxide in dental bleaching

Dental bleaching has become one of the most frequently requested esthetic treatments in dental offices. Despite the high clinical success observed with this procedure, some adverse effects have been reported, including a potential for developing premalignant lesions, root resorption and tooth sensitivity, especially when misused. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic response using a micronucleus (MN) assay, after the application of two concentrations of carbamide peroxide. Thirty-seven patients were divided into two groups and randomly received either a 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) (19) or a 16% carbamide peroxide (18) concentration for 21 days in individual dental trays. Gingival margin cells were collected immediately before the first use (baseline), and then 15 and 45 days after baseline. The cells were placed on a histological slide, stained by the Feulgen technique, and evaluated by an experienced blinded examiner. One thousand cells per slide were counted, and the MN rate was determined. The two groups were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test. A slight increase in MN was observed for both groups, in comparison with the baseline, at 15 days. However, no difference was observed between the two groups (10% and 16%), at either 15 or 45 days (p = 0.90). When bleaching is not prolonged or not performed very frequently, bleaching agents containing carbamide peroxide alone will not cause mutagenic stress on gingival epithelial cells

Portuguese-Brazilian evidence-based guideline on the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: In current management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular and renal prevention have become important targets to be achieved. In this context, a joint panel of four endocrinology societies from Brazil and Portugal was established to develop an evidence-based guideline for the treatment of hyperglycemia in T2DM. Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched for randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and observational studies related to diabetes treatment. When there was insufficient high-quality evidence, expert opinion was sought. Updated positions on treatment of T2DM patients with heart failure (HF), atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and patients with no vascular complications were developed. The degree of recommendation and the level of evidence was determined using predefined criteria. Results and conclusions: In non-pregnant adults, the recommended HbA1c target is below 7%. Higher levels are recommended in frail older adults and patients at higher risk of hypoglycemia. Lifestyle modification is recommended at all phases of treatment. Metformin is the first choice when HbA1c is 6.5–7.5%. When HbA1c is 7.5–9.0%, dual therapy with metformin plus an SGLT2i and/or GLP-1RA (first-line antidiabetic agents, AD1) is recommended due to cardiovascular and renal benefits. If an AD1 is unaffordable, other antidiabetic drugs (AD) may be used. Triple or quadruple therapy should be considered when HbA1c remains above target. In patients with clinical or subclinical atherosclerosis, the combination of one AD1 plus metformin is the recommended first-line therapy to reduce cardiovascular events and improve blood glucose control. In stable heart failure with low ejection fraction ( 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, metformin plus an SGLT-2i is recommended to reduce cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalizations and improve blood glucose control. In patients with diabetes-associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or eGFR 30–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 with albuminuria > 30 mg/g), the combination of metformin and an SGLT2i is recommended to attenuate loss of renal function, reduce albuminuria and improve blood glucose control. In patients with severe renal failure, insulin-based therapy is recommended to improve blood glucose control. Alternatively, GLP-1RA, DPP4i, gliclazide MR and pioglitazone may be considered to reduce albuminuria. In conclusion, the current evidence supports individualizing anti-hyperglycemic treatment for T2DM.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio