Entropy and Efficiency of the ETF Market

We investigate the relative information efficiency of financial markets by measuring the entropy of the time series of high frequency data. Our tool to measure efficiency is the Shannon entropy, applied to 2-symbol and 3-symbol discretisations of the data. Analysing 1-min and 5-min price time series of 55 Exchange Traded Funds traded at the New York Stock Exchange, we develop a methodology to isolate residual inefficiencies from other sources of regularities, such as the intraday pattern, the volatility clustering and the microstructure effects. The first two are modelled as multiplicative factors, while the microstructure is modelled as an ARMA noise process. Following an analytical and empirical combined approach, we find a strong relationship between low entropy and high relative tick size and that volatility is responsible for the largest amount of regularity, averaging 62% of the total regularity against 18% of the intraday pattern regularity and 20% of the microstructure

Hydromedusae composition, occurrence, and distribution in the Caeté river estuary, Pará

Species composition and spatio-temporal variation in density of hydromedusae along a salinity gradient were investigated in the Caeté river estuary, northern Brazil in June and December, 1998 (dry season) and in February and May, 1999 (rainy season). The Caeté river estuary was characterized by high spatial and temporal variations in salinity. Twelve taxa were recorded of which Octocanna haeckeli represent to new record for coastal waters of the northeast coast of Pará state. In general, the highest and lowest densities were found in December and May, respectively. This observation was probably due to differences in the rainfall rates between the two studied periods

CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF Eperua bijuga MART. EX BENTH. (LEGUMINOSAE: CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

Este trabalho representa uma contribuição para o estudo de Eperua bijuga Mart. ex Benth. Analisou-se coleções depositadas em herbários nacionais, pelo método de dissecção das partes vegetativas e reprodutivas em estereomicroscópio, seguido-se descrição e ilustração do material. Para a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram utilizados folíolos e flores não acetolisados. São fornecidos descrição, ilustrações inéditas, dados sobre floração, frutificação, hábitat e comentários sobre a morfologia.Palavras-chave: Fabales, Detarieae, muirapiranga, wallaba, taxonomia.The present study represents a contribution for the specie Eperua bijuga Mart. ex Benth. Collections in Brazilian herbaria were examined under stereomicroscopy with the dissection of vegetative and reproductive organs, and species were re-described and illustrated. For scanning electron microscopy, non-acetolysed leaflets and flowers were used. Description, illustrations, data about fenology, habitat and comments regarding the morphology.Keywords: Fabales; Detarieae; muirapiranga; wallaba; taxonomy

Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex A. DC) Gentry (Bignoniaceae): morphological aspects of fruit, seed and seedling

Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex A. DC) Gentry is the only species known as Parapará in Amazonian, they occur at the Amazonian firm forests, is distributed in the states of Amazon, Pará, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Roraima, and part of the states of the south and of the southeast. This wood is used mainly for the civil building. This study object was describing the morphology of the fruit, seed and seedlings, was use 30 fruits, 30 seeds and 10 seedlings. Of the fruits was described the general morphology, coloration, texture, consistence, dehiscent and the indumento; of the seeds the tegument and the embryo and the main vegetative elements of the seedling. Was considered seedling the development phase in that the eophylls were totally formed. The whole study was based in specialized literature and the main morphologic characters were illustrated with pictures. The simple capsule is dries, estenocarpic, elliptic the oblong, dehiscent, green and pericarp opaque, immature and in almost black brown tones, glabrous and chartaceous; opaque, in brown tones, surface glabrous and fibrous; woody funiculus in brown tones. Estenospermic seed, cordiformeou; monocromic testa, in brown tones, opaque, spongy, surface glabrous; hilum close to the apex of the radicule, punctiforme hilum, heterocromy, brown light than the testa, in depression; brown light tegmen and membranaceous; enlarged embryo, axial, foliaceous, invaginate, yellow, cotyledon gross, whitish, dominant, cordiformes, with apex deeply bilobate, margin completes, round base, auriculate with the exposed radicule; embryonic axis among the lobes cotyledonate, straight, conical, thick, pearly; yellows plumule, rudimentary. Fanerocotylar epigeous germination. Seedlings with trifoliolate eophylls, opposed, symmetrical, oval, margin crenate, with hair hialinous and simple for the whole limbo, canaliculate peciolous. The saplings has the second order eophylls imparipinate with five foliolous, and crusade leaf arrangment

CLUSIACEAE LINDL. AND HYPERICACEAE JUSS. SANDBANKS IN THE STATE OF PARÁ, EASTERN AMAZON, BRAZIL

O estudo teve como objetivo o tratamento florístico-taxonômico de Clusiaceae e Hypericaceae para as restingas do Estado do Pará. O material foi obtido nos acervos dos Herbários do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG), Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (IAN) e coletas realizadas na praia do Crispim, Marapanim-PA. As descrições das espécies foram fundamentadas nas características morfológicas e em suas respectivas variações para a flora, foi elaborada uma chave para identificação das mesmas. As famílias encontram-se representadas por quatro táxons, onde Clusiaceae é composta por Clusia fockeana Miq., C. hoffmannseggiana Schltdl., e C. panapanari (Aubl.) Choisy., e Hypericaceae apenas por Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy. C. panapanari apresenta-se restrita à formação de mata de restinga. C. hoffmannseggiana e V. guianensis apresentaram distribuição mais ampla nas restingas paraenses. No levantamento feito na coleção nos herbários, constatou-se que coletas, das famílias nas restingas paraenses, ainda são escassas e o esforço de coletas poderá trazer mais informações sobre período de floração e frutificação, além de um provável incremento de novos registros para a área de estudo.Palavras-chave: Cebola brava, Litoral paraense, Taxonomia.This study aimed to conduct a floristic-taxonomic treatment to Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae sandbanks at   Pará State. The material was obtained from the collections of Museu Paraense Emílio (MG) and Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (IAN) Herbaria and, samples taken at Crispin beach, Marapanim-PA. The descriptions of the species were based on morphological characteristics and their familys variations, an identification key prepared for them. The families are represented by four taxa, which is composed of Clusiaceae Clusia fockeana Miq., C. hoffmannseggiana Schltdl., and C. panapanari (Aubl.) Choisy. Hypericaceae by Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy. C. panapanari is restricted to the formation of “restinga” forest. C. hoffmannseggiana and V. guianensis showed wider distribution to the sandbanks of Pará.  In the survey done in the collection of herbarium MG, it was found that collections of Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae for sandbanks and Pará, are still scarce and the collection effort would bring more information about flowering and fruiting species period, and a probable increase of new registrations for the study area.Keywords: Brave onion; paraense Coast; Taxonomy

Comparative study of nonlinear properties of EEG signals of a normal person and an epileptic patient

Background: Investigation of the functioning of the brain in living systems has been a major effort amongst scientists and medical practitioners. Amongst the various disorder of the brain, epilepsy has drawn the most attention because this disorder can affect the quality of life of a person. In this paper we have reinvestigated the EEGs for normal and epileptic patients using surrogate analysis, probability distribution function and Hurst exponent. Results: Using random shuffled surrogate analysis, we have obtained some of the nonlinear features that was obtained by Andrzejak \textit{et al.} [Phys Rev E 2001, 64:061907], for the epileptic patients during seizure. Probability distribution function shows that the activity of an epileptic brain is nongaussian in nature. Hurst exponent has been shown to be useful to characterize a normal and an epileptic brain and it shows that the epileptic brain is long term anticorrelated whereas, the normal brain is more or less stochastic. Among all the techniques, used here, Hurst exponent is found very useful for characterization different cases. Conclusions: In this article, differences in characteristics for normal subjects with eyes open and closed, epileptic subjects during seizure and seizure free intervals have been shown mainly using Hurst exponent. The H shows that the brain activity of a normal man is uncorrelated in nature whereas, epileptic brain activity shows long range anticorrelation.Comment: Keywords:EEG, epilepsy, Correlation dimension, Surrogate analysis, Hurst exponent. 9 page

Composición química de compuestos volátiles en flores y hojas de Senna reticulata (Leguminosae) de la Amazonía Oriental

Senna reticulata (Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby é uma planta da família Leguminosae nativa da Amazônia, conhecida como “matapasto” ou “folha de pajé”, é utilizada como alimento, medicinamento e outros usos pelas populações da região. Mas para ela faltam informações sobre seus constituintes, assim como sobre várias outras espécies de plantas amazônicas ainda pouco estudadas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo revelar a composição química do aroma das flores e folhas de S. reticulata na Amazônia Oriental. Porque tais informações ainda não haviam sido apresentadas para a espécie, e podem ser úteis para sua melhor compreensão. O aroma das flores houve predominância de Geraniol (30,28%), Citronelol (27,87%) e Salicilato de Metila (12,91%). Já o aroma das folhas foi caracterizado por uma mistura de 2E-Hexenal (5,0%) + Hex-(3Z)-enol (67,82%), e por Salicilato de Metila (9,81%) e para-vinilGuaiacol (6,14%). As informações aqui apresentadas poderão contribuir para o desenvolvimento de produtos, com base na composição química do aroma em flores e folhas de S. reticulata, bem como para futuras pesquisas.Senna reticulata (Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby is a Leguminosae’s family plant and native from Amazonia, as known as “matapasto” that means “killspasture” or “shaman’s leaf”, it is utilized as food, medicine, and other uses for the populations of the region. But to it has a lack of information about its constituents, as well as for several other species of plants from Amazonia. So, this research aimed to reveal the chemical composition of the aroma in flowers and leaves of S. reticulata from Eastern Amazonia. Because such information had not yet been presented for the species and may be useful for its better understanding. The aroma of the flowers was a predominance of Geraniol (30.28%), Citronellol (27.87%) and Methyl salicylate (12.91%). While in the leaves was characterized by a mixture of 2E-Hexenal (5.0%) + Hex-(3Z)-enol (67.82%), and by Methyl salicylate (9.81%) and para-vinylGuaiacol (6.14%). The information presented here could contribute for the development of products, based on the chemical composition of the aroma in flowers and leaves from S. reticulata, as well as for future research

Qualidade de vida em idosos durante a pandemia da COVID-19: Relato de experiência de um grupo operativo de estudantes de medicina

O bem-estar e a saúde mental da população idosa é pauta central desde o início da transição do perfil demográfico no Brasil, sendo essa preocupação intensificada pelo estado de emergência de saúde pública instaurado com o advento do SARS-CoV-2. Por meio de grupos operativos adaptados ao isolamento social, tenta-se manter o envolvimento comunitário e a prática coletiva de discussão para alívio da sensação de solitude. Sendo assim, uma equipe da disciplina de Práticas Integrativas de Ensino, Serviço e Comunidade II, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, em Diamantina, executou um grupo operativo com 4 idosas, na idade entre 63 a 84 anos, via online pelo aplicativo Google Meet, a fim de avaliar a qualidade de vida e o impacto da pandemia nessa parcela da população. Os resultados foram avaliados qualitativamente pela equipe e discutidos com o docente de acordo com as evidências científicas de qualidade de vida para os idosos. Foram abordados temas como ansiedade, sono, atividade física, hábitos alimentares, convívio social e estado emocional no período de pandemia. Foram relatadas mudanças nos hábitos após o distanciamento social, principalmente pela ansiedade e contexto social, mas foi possível perceber o interesse das participantes em discutir e compartilhar o que sentiam, para solucionar os empecilhos em conjunto. O projeto teve boa aceitação e repercussão, podendo ser um precursor de mais medidas de terapia comunitária nas ações públicas que visam melhoria da qualidade de vida e bem-estar social na senilidade, especialmente em condições de isolamento social. Palavras-chave: : Terapia Comunitária; Saúde Mental; Bem-Estar; Terceira Idade; Isolamento Social Quality of life in elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic: Report of an operative group experience by medical students Abstract: The well-being and mental health of the elderly population has been a central issue since the beginning of the demographic profile transition in Brazil, and this concern has been intensified by the state of public health emergency installed with the advent of SARS-CoV-2. By using operative groups adapted to social isolation, we try to maintain community involvement and the collective practice of discussion to mitigate the feeling of loneliness. Thus, a team from the Integrative Practices of Education, Service and Community II course at the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Medical School, in Diamantina (Minas Gerais State, Brazil) carried out an operative group with 4 elderly women, ages 63 to 84, online via Google Meet, in order to assess their quality of life and the impact of the pandemic on this section of the population. The results were qualitative analyzed by the team and discussed with the faculty according to the scientific evidence on quality of life for the elderly. Topics such as anxiety, sleep, physical activity, eating habits, social interaction and emotional state during the pandemic period were addressed. Changes in habits were reported after the social distance, mainly due to anxiety and social context, but it was possible to observe the participants' interest in discussing and sharing what they felt to solve the problems as a group. The project had high acceptance and impact, and may be a forerunner of more community therapy measures in public actions aimed at improving quality of life and social well-being in senility, especially in social distancing conditions. Keywords: Community Therapy; Mental Health; Well-Being; Seniors; Social Isolatio