Folk Song 1

.wav and .mp3 versions of audio fileThe lyrics state, “If there were no yaks on the mountains, the mountains would not be beautiful, and if there were no gentlemen and ladies in the village, the village would not be pleasant.” This song is sung at public festivals and celebratory gatherings. 歌词中叙述道：“如果在这山上没有牦牛就不会美丽，如 果在村庄里没有男士和女士就不会愉快。”在节日和聚会 上唱这首歌。 གླུ་ཚིག་ཏུ་འདི་ལྟར་བརྗོད་པ་སྟེ། གལ་ཏེ་རི་བོ་འདིའི་སྟེང་དུ་ནོར་མེད་ན་རི་བོ་འདིར་ མཛེས་སྡུག་མི་ལྡན་པ་དང་གལ་ཏེ་སྡེ་བའི་ནང་དུ་ཕོ་གསར་དང་མོ་གསར་མེད་ན་སྡེ་བ་ འདིར་སྤྲོ་སྐྱིད་མི་ལྡན། གླུ་འདི་དུས་ཆེན་སོགས་ཀྱི་སྟེང་དུ་ལེན་པ་ཞིག་ཡིན། This collection contains five songs (two folk songs and three wedding songs) collected in Baji Village, Lianhe Township, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, PR China in 2008. All songs are in the Namuyi language

Wedding Song 3

.wav and .mp3 versions of audio fileThe groom's family sings this song when the bride reaches the groom’s home. The lyrics state, "You brought the bride from far away and we promise to take good care of her." 当新娘到达新郎的家以后唱这首歌。歌词中叙述道： “你们从很远的路送来了新娘，我们保证我们会好好地 对待新娘的。” མནའ་མ་མག་པའི་ཚང་ལ་ཐོན་རྗེས་གླུ་འདི་ལེན་པ་ཞིག་ཡིན། གླུ་ཚིག་ཏུ་འདི་ལྟར་ བརྗོད་པ་སྟེ། ཁྱོད་ཚོས་ལམ་ཐག་རིང་པོ་ནས་མནའ་པ་བསྐྱལ་ནས་ཡོང་པ་རེད། ངེད་ ཚོས་མནའ་མར་གཅེས་པ་ཁོ་ཐག་ཡིན་ཞེས་བརྗོད། This collection contains five songs (two folk songs and three wedding songs) collected in Baji Village, Lianhe Township, Mianning County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, PR China in 2008. All songs are in the Namuyi language

Pengembangan Elektrode Biosensor Lipase Termostabil Isolat Banyuwedang Yang Diamobil Dengan Pvc Untuk Penentuan Kadar Trigliserida

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menentukan rentang kerja (suhu dan pH) elektrode biosensor lipase termostabil isolat Banyuwedang yang diamobil dengan menggunakan PVC dan (2) menentukan kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive dengan elektrode biosensor tersebut. Subjek penelitian ini adalah elektrode biosensor trigliserida. Objek penelitian adalah Rentang Kerja (Suhu dan pH) elektrode biosensor dan kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive. Data suhu dan pH optimum serta kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Rentang kerja biosensor berdasarkan pengukuran kedua jenis elektrode didapatkan pada pH 6,0 hingga 8,0 dan pada suhu 10-70oC. Hubungan kadar trigliserida yang terukur terhadap emulsi minyak olive yang digunakan diperoleh hubungan bahwa kadar trigliserida terukur berbanding lurus dengan emulsi minyak olive yang digunakan dan diperoleh persamaan Y = 0,009X – 0,026, dengan Y adalah kadar trigliserida yang terukur sebagai konsumsi oksigen (ppm) dan X adalah emulsi minyak olive  yang digunakan (ppm)

PENGEMBANGAN ELEKTRODE BIOSENSOR LIPASE TERMOSTABIL ISOLAT BANYUWEDANG YANG DIAMOBIL DENGAN PVC UNTUK PENENTUAN KADAR TRIGLISERIDA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menentukan rentang kerja (suhu dan pH) elektrode biosensor lipase termostabil isolat Banyuwedang yang diamobil dengan menggunakan PVC dan (2) menentukan kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive dengan elektrode biosensor tersebut. Subjek penelitian ini adalah elektrode biosensor trigliserida. Objek penelitian adalah Rentang Kerja (Suhu dan pH) elektrode biosensor dan kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive. Data suhu dan pH optimum serta kadar trigliserida dalam emulsi minyak olive dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Rentang kerja biosensor berdasarkan pengukuran kedua jenis elektrode didapatkan pada pH 6,0 hingga 8,0 dan pada suhu 10-70oC. Hubungan kadar trigliserida yang terukur terhadap emulsi minyak olive yang digunakan diperoleh hubungan bahwa kadar trigliserida terukur berbanding lurus dengan emulsi minyak olive yang digunakan dan diperoleh persamaan Y = 0,009X – 0,026, dengan Y adalah kadar trigliserida yang terukur sebagai konsumsi oksigen (ppm) dan X adalah emulsi minyak olive  yang digunakan (ppm)

Functional Locomotor Consequences of Uneven Forefeet for Trot Symmetry in Individual Riding Horses

ABSTRACT: Left-right symmetrical distal limb conformation can be an important prerequisite for a successful performance, and it is often hypothesized that asymmetric or uneven feet are important enhancing factors for the development of lameness. On a population level, it has been demonstrated that uneven footed horses are retiring earlier from elite level competition, but the biomechanical consequences are not yet known. The objectives of this study were to compare the functional locomotor asymmetries of horses with uneven to those with even feet. Hoof kinetics and distal limb kinematics were collected from horses (n = 34) at trot. Dorsal hoof wall angle was used to classify horses as even or uneven (1.5° difference between forefeet respectively) and individual feet as flat (55°). Functional kinetic parameters were compared between even and uneven forefeet using MANOVA followed by ANOVA. The relative influences of differences in hoof angle between the forefeet and of absolute hoof angle on functional parameters were analysed using multiple regression analysis (P<0.05). In horses with uneven feet, the side with the flatter foot showed a significantly larger maximal horizontal braking and vertical ground reaction force, a larger vertical fetlock displacement and a suppler fetlock spring. The foot with a steeper hoof angle was linearly correlated with an earlier braking-propulsion transition. The conformational differences between both forefeet were more important for loading characteristics than the individual foot conformation of each individual horse. The differences in vertical force and braking force between uneven forefeet could imply either an asymmetrical loading pattern without a pathological component or a subclinical lameness as a result of a pathological development in the steeper foot

Shark Attacks in Dakar and the Cap Vert Peninsula, Senegal: Low Incidence despite High Occurrence of Potentially Dangerous Species

The International Shark Attack File mentions only four unprovoked shark attacks on the coast of West Africa during the period 1828–2004, an area where high concentrations of sharks and 17 species potentially dangerous to man have been observed. To investigate if the frequency of shark attacks could be really low and not just under-reported and whether there are potentially sharks that might attack in the area, a study was carried out in Dakar and the Cap Vert peninsula, Senegal. and 3 with unidentified sharks.These findings suggest that the frequency of shark attacks on the coast of West Africa is underestimated. However, they also indicate that the risk is very low despite the abundance of sharks. In Dakar area, most encounters along the coastline with potentially dangerous species do not result in an attack. Compared to other causes of water related deaths, the incidence of shark attack appears negligible, at least one thousand fold lower

The bile salt sodium taurocholate induces Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicle production and increases OMV-associated proteolytic activity

Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, secretes an arsenal of virulence‐associated proteins within outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). C. jejuni OMVs contain three serine proteases (HtrA, Cj0511, and Cj1365c) that cleave the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) tight and adherens junction proteins occludin and E‐cadherin, promoting enhanced C. jejuni adhesion to and invasion of IECs. C. jejuni OMVs also induce IECs innate immune responses. The bile salt sodium taurocholate (ST) is sensed as a host signal to coordinate the activation of virulence‐associated genes in the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. In this study, the effect of ST on C. jejuni OMVs was investigated. Physiological concentrations of ST do not have an inhibitory effect on C. jejuni growth until the early stationary phase. Coculture of C. jejuni with 0.1% or 0.2% (w/v) ST stimulates OMV production, increasing both lipid and protein concentrations. C. jejuni ST‐OMVs possess increased proteolytic activity and exhibit a different protein profile compared to OMVs isolated in the absence of ST. ST‐OMVs exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity and immunogenicity to T84 IECs and enhanced killing of Galleria mellonella larvae. ST increases the level of mRNA transcripts of the OMVs‐associated serine protease genes and the cdtABC operon that encodes the cytolethal distending toxin. Coculture with ST significantly enhances the OMVs‐induced cleavage of E‐cadherin and occludin. C. jejuni OMVs also cleave the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein BiP/GRP78 and this activity is associated with the Cj1365c protease. These data suggest that C. jejuni responds to the presence of physiological concentrations of the bile salt ST that increases OMV production and the synthesis of virulence‐associated factors that are secreted within the OMVs. We propose that these events contribute to pathogenesis

Systematic Evaluation of Serotypes Causing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Children Under Five: The Pneumococcal Global Serotype Project

Hope Johnson and colleagues calculate the global and regional burden of serotype-specific pneumococcal disease in children under the age of five

Alkalizing Reactions Streamline Cellular Metabolism in Acidogenic Microorganisms

An understanding of the integrated relationships among the principal cellular functions that govern the bioenergetic reactions of an organism is necessary to determine how cells remain viable and optimise their fitness in the environment. Urease is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. While the induction of urease activity by several microorganisms has been predominantly considered a stress-response that is initiated to generate a nitrogen source in response to a low environmental pH, here we demonstrate a new role of urease in the optimisation of cellular bioenergetics. We show that urea hydrolysis increases the catabolic efficiency of Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic acid bacterium that is widely used in the industrial manufacture of dairy products. By modulating the intracellular pH and thereby increasing the activity of β-galactosidase, glycolytic enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase, urease increases the overall change in enthalpy generated by the bioenergetic reactions. A cooperative altruistic behaviour of urease-positive microorganisms on the urease-negative microorganisms within the same environment was also observed. The physiological role of a single enzymatic activity demonstrates a novel and unexpected view of the non-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that govern the bioenergetics of a bacterial cell, highlighting a new role for cytosol-alkalizing biochemical pathways in acidogenic microorganisms