Planar Drop-Sizing in Dense Fuel Sprays Using Advanced Laser Diagnostic Techniques

A reliable measurement of drop sizes and liquid fuel distribution in a spray is essential for best combustion efficiency and exhaust emission from I.C. engines. The droplet size and fuel distribution control air-fuel mixture formation and, hence, combustion characteristics. The chapter gives a concise summary of recent advances and developments in the LSD technique as a planar drop-sizing technique. The LSD technique relies on the principle that a ratio of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and Mie signals is proportional to Sauter mean diameter (SMD). PLIF signal can also be used to determine the distribution of liquid in a spray. This makes LSD an attractive technique in dense spray characterization that can also provide liquid volume fraction distributions. A brief review of laser-based drop-sizing methods and working principle of LSD measurements are first discussed. Different approaches and limitations of the LSD technique are also summarized. Further, sources of error and ways to compensate these errors are explained in detail. Previous studies on LSD measurements in different fuel sprays of stationary combustion devices and I.C. engines are summarized. Finally, improvements in the LSD techniques are suggested, including structured laser illumination planar imaging (SLIPI) measurements, for reliable measurements in dense sprays

Landing of ‘Flying Gurnard’ in Mumbai

A rare fish ‘flying gurnard’ was landed by a trawler operating in 70-100 m depth in the sea off Mumbai. The species was identified as Dactyloptena peterseni (Nystrom, 1887) and it is reported for the first time along the Indian coast

Applications of Two Dimensional Fractional Fourier-Mellin Transform to Differential Equations

Integral transforms play wide and important role in mathematical physics, theoretical physics. Fourier-Mellin transform is used in fields like electronics, agriculture, medical etc.nbspIt has applications as registration of images, watermarks, invariant pattern recognition, preprocessing of images.nbspIn this paper we have obtained the differential operator and and and*. Using it we have solved the differential equation of the type . Also an application of two-dimensional fractional Fourier-Mellin transform to differential equation is presented

Adjoint Operators of Two Dimensional Fractional Fourier-Mellin Transform

Methods based on the Fourier transform and Mellin transform are used in virtually all areas of engineering and science and by virtually all engineers and scientists. These transform play a important role in signal processing, algorithm, watermarking, pattern recognition, correlators, navigation, vowel recognition, cryptographic scheme, quantum calculus, radar system and have applications in agriculture, medical stream, detection of watermark in images regardless of the scaling and rotation. In this paper we present an adjiont shifting operator, adjoint scaling operator and adjoint shifting-scaling operator of two dimensional fractional Fourier-Mellin transform. Also we discuss some transform formulae using adjoint differential operator

Convolution Structure of Fractional Quaternion Mellin Transform

Mellin transform is a basic tool for analyzing the behavior of many important functions in mathematics and mathematical physics. A quaternion is a 4 dimensional number, a generalization of a complex number. Basically it used in image registration. This paper is focus on the new convolution structure of Fractional Quaternion Mellin transform. Also the main properties i.e. associative, distributive, linear, shifting for the convolution of Fractional Quaternion Mellin Transform are proved

Potentially harmful advantage to athletes: a putative connection between UGT2B17 gene deletion polymorphism and renal disorders with prolonged use of anabolic androgenic steroids

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With prolonged use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), occasional incidents of renal disorders have been observed. Independently, it has also been established that there are considerable inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences, in particular with reference to the uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) gene, in metabolising these compounds. This report postulates the association of deletion polymorphism in the UGT2B17 gene with the occurrence of renal disorders on chronic exposure to AAS. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: The major deactivation and elimination pathway of AASs is through glucuronide conjugation, chiefly catalyzed by the UGT2B17 enzyme, followed by excretion in urine. Excretion of steroids is affected in individuals with a deletion mutation in the UGT2B17 gene. We hypothesize that UGT2B17 deficient individuals are more vulnerable to developing renal disorders with prolonged use of AAS owing to increases in body mass index and possible direct toxic effects of steroids on the kidneys. Elevated serum levels of biologically active steroids due to inadequate elimination can lead to prolonged muscle build up. An increase in body mass index may cause renal injuries due to sustained elevated glomerular pressure and flow rate. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: In the absence of controlled clinical trials in humans, observational studies can be carried out. Real time PCR with allelic discrimination should be employed to examine the prevalence of different UGT2B17 genotypes in patients with impaired renal function and AAS abuse. In individuals with the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism, blood tests, biofluid analyses, urinalysis, and hair analyses following the administration of an anabolic steroid can be used to determine the fate of the substance once in the body. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: If the hypothesis is upheld, anabolic steroid users with a deletion mutation in the UGT2B17 gene may be exposed to an increased risk of developing renal disorders. In the current detecting - sanctioning anti-doping system, athletes motivated by the potential to evade detection owing to their unique genetic make-up could subject themselves to a serious health consequence. More research on AAS metabolism in the presence of UGT2B17 gene deletion is required. Benefit - harm evaluations in therapeutic use of anabolic steroids should also consider this potential link between UGT2B17 gene deletion polymorphism and renal disorders

Variability in Markingnut (Semecarpus anacardium L.) Accessions from Marathwada Region of Maharashtra State

A survey was conducted in markingnut growing area (Aurangabad, Beed, Hingoli, Nanded and Parbhani districts) of Marathwada region in Maharashtra (India) during 2005-07 to assess existing natural variability for superior genotypes and good fruit-quality among 264 markingnut seedling trees and 27 superior clones. All the genotypes showed considerable variability with respect to physico-chemical characters. Fruit weight varied from 5.0 (PD-2) to 15.88 g (HD-5) and hypocarp weight from 3.37 (AD-2 and PD-1) to 10.67g (HD-5). Individual pericarp weight ranged from 1.59 (PD-2) to 5.21 g (HD-5) and kernel weight ranged from 0.16 (PD-2) to 1.07 g (HD-5). There was wide variation in chemical characteristics. Also, T.S.S. varied from 5.67 (BD-3) to 13.10°B (ND-3) and titratable acidity from 0.22 (AD-1) to 1.93% (BD-3). Kernel protein content ranged from 13.22 (AD-2) to 25.75% (HD-5), carbohydrate content from 17.92 (PD-3) to 26.91% (AD-3), fat content from 31.57 (HD-3) to 40.59% (PD-4) and pericarp oil (B.S.L) content from 27.80 (BD-4) to 41.74% (HD-2). On the basis of physico-chemical characters assessed, genotypes HD-5 and ND-3 were found to be most promising

Framework for Map Reducing Technique Using Correlation for Duplicate Image Identi?cation Process

The duplicate image identification is an image deduplication System which avoids duplicate copies of images from storing in the storage server and reduces Storage space. This technique is used to improve storage utilization by avoiding duplicate images to store in storage server and reduce the time complexity by using Map Reduce technique. With explosive growth of digitization bulk of digital data may uploaded on server every day, deduplication schemes are widely used in backup and recovery System to minimize network and storage overhead by detecting and avoiding redundancy among data. Traditional deduplication schemes work if and only if the second image having the same content as first, so this restricts the performance of many applications as exact images need to be there if want to succeed and these all schemes are suffering from huge time complexity problem to deal with huge amount of data. In this paper, we propose the duplicate image identification system using MapReduce technique which improves the scalability and efficiency of system. Our approach reduce the time required to identify the duplicate image in storage server using MapReducing technique that is been powered with correlation technique

Thermal stresses in functionally graded hollow sphere due to non-uniform internal heat generation

In this article, the thermal stresses in a hollow thick sphere of functionally graded material subjected to non-uniform internal heat generation are obtained as a function of radius to an exact solution by using the theory of elasticity. Material properties and heat generation are assumed as a function of radius of sphere and Poisson’s ratio as constant. The distribution of thermal stresses for different values of the powers of the module of elasticity and varying power law index of heat generation is studied. The results are illustrated numerically and graphically