An empirical central limit theorem in L^1 for stationary sequences

In this paper, we derive asymptotic results for L^1-Wasserstein distance between the distribution function and the corresponding empirical distribution function of a stationary sequence. Next, we give some applications to dynamical systems and causal linear processes. To prove our main result, we give a Central Limit Theorem for ergodic stationary sequences of random variables with values in L^1. The conditions obtained are expressed in terms of projective-type conditions. The main tools are martingale approximations.Comment: 20 page

LEARNING ENGLISH THROUGH AMERICAN FOLKLORE USING INTERACTIVE WEBSITE FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The development of information technology has affected a lot of aspects in the world. One of the aspects that is influenced by the development is education aspect especially for its learning process. Learning process has transferred from offline to online using internet and computer technology. It is means that student can study and learn through website everywhere and anywhere without having to meet with their teachers. Website becomes popular learning media used by teacher to teach their students. This interactive website is a learning English website for Junior High School students. This website is available in two languages or bilingual in English and Indonesian Language. The reason why this website uses bilingual is because the target learners are in basic level. This website uses material of American Folklore for six language skills that are reading, writing, listening, speaking, grammar and translation. Blogspot.com is a provider hosting and domain for this website by the domain title “English is Fun with American Folklore”. It can be accessed in the address www.englishisfunwithamericanfolklore.blogspot.com. The aim of this interactive website is as learning media for Junior High School students to improve their skills in reading, writing, listening, speaking, grammar and translation. Website consists of three parts that are instruction, material and question. Instruction is the command for students about each section. The material consists of story from American Folklore in the form of text or audio or video. It is designed according to each section and lesson. Question part consists of questions for students after they study material. Questions are made in interactive type. It means that students can answer and get their grade or score directly on the website after all of questions are answered. Beside three parts above, this website is also provided with additional tools in order to help student to understand and learn material on each sections and answer questions. The tools include online dictionary, links to certain subject, links to vocabulary and meaning of the words etc

Asymptotic distribution of least squares estimators for linear models with dependent errors : regular designs

In this paper, we consider the usual linear regression model in the case where the error process is assumed strictly stationary. We use a result from Hannan, who proved a Central Limit Theorem for the usual least squares estimator under general conditions on the design and on the error process. We show that for a large class of designs, the asymptotic covariance matrix is as simple as the independent and identically distributed case. We then estimate the covariance matrix using an estimator of the spectral density whose consistency is proved under very mild conditions.Comment: 31 page

Konsep Hukum Sukuk Daerah Sebagai Alternatif Pembiayaan Daerah

Pasal 169 Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tidak memberikan pilihan mengenai jenis obligasi yang dapat diterbitkan Pemerintah Daerah. Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2008 Tentang Surat Berharga Syariah Negara, tidak memasukkan obligasi daerah dalam pengertian dan materi muatannya. Peraturan Pemerintah, demikian pula dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 30 Tahun 2011 Tentang Pinjaman Daerah hanya mengatur mengenai syarat dan prosedur perbitan obligasi, tetapi tidak memberikan pilihan mengenai jenis obligasi. Bagaimana agar Pemerintah Daerah dapat menerbitkan obligasi syariah? Sesuai dengan pasal 33 ayat (4) UUD 1945, perekonomian nasional diselenggarakan berdasarkan atas demokrasi ekonomi yang berkeadilan, maka konsekuensinya pemerintah harus memberi pilihan peran serta masyarakat dalam pembangunan ekonomi dengan penguatan substansi sukuk daerah dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Sukuk daerah sebaiknya diterbitkan dalam bentuk ritel, sehingga memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam pembiayaan proyek pemerintah daerah yang bermanfaat dan sekaligus masyarakat dapat mengawasi terhadap proyek yang dibiayai dengan sukuk daerah.

Hypermedia as medium

Claims and rebuttals that hypermedia (the associative, nonlinear interconnection of multimedia materials) is a fundamentally innovative means of thinking and communicating are described. This representational architecture has many advantages that make it a major advance over other media; however, it also has several intrinsic problems that severly limits its effectiveness as a medium. These advantages and limits in applications are discussed

Together

Many struggles are now becoming visible. And many self-motivated people motivate me, in turn, to address problems. Unpaid activist work is a double burden. The work is exhausting and looking the imbalances one sees squarely in the eye is demanding. But unpaid activist work also has its own compensation. It helps me to escape powerlessness. Swallowing something down certainly avoids the immediate fury—but it leaves me helpless and alone, and I really just can’t with that.It’s necessary to connect many different struggles. Because then it’s suddenly about a better life for everyone. There’s always something to do. This is overwhelming. But there are also always people with whom one can do it together. And that empowers

Imaging capability of pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors, AlGaN/GaN, and Si micro-Hall probes for scanning Hall probe microscopy between 25 and 125°C

The authors present a comparative study on imaging capabilities of three different micro-Hall probe sensors fabricated from narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for scanning hall probe microscopy at variable temperatures. A novel method of quartz tuning fork atomic force microscopy feedback has been used which provides extremely simple operation in atmospheric pressures, high-vacuum, and variable-temperature environments and enables very high magnetic and reasonable topographic resolution to be achieved simultaneously. Micro-Hall probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching process. The active area of all different types of Hall probes were 1×1 µm2. Electrical and magnetic characteristics show Hall coefficient, carrier concentration, and series resistance of the hall sensors to be 10 mOmega/G, 6.3×1012 cm−2, and 12 kOmega at 25 °C and 7 mOmega/G, 8.9×1012 cm−2 and 24 kOmega at 125 °C for AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), 0.281 mOmega/G, 2.2×1014 cm−2, and 139 kOmega at 25 °C and 0.418 mOmega/G, 1.5×1014 cm−2 and 155 kOmega at 100 °C for Si and 5–10 mOmega/G, 6.25×1012 cm−2, and 12 kOmega at 25 °C for pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (PHEMT) 2DEG Hall probe. Scan of magnetic field and topography of hard disc sample at variable temperatures using all three kinds of probes are presented. The best low noise image was achieved at temperatures of 25, 100, and 125 °C for PHEMT, Si, and AlGaN/GaN Hall probes, respectively. This upper limit on the working temperature can be associated with their band gaps and noise associated with thermal activation of carriers at high temperatures

Analyzing the Feasibility of Prairie Dog Hunting in the Northern Texas Panhandle

Prairie dogs are burrowing rodents located throughout the United States. The black-tailed prairie dog is a common species that primarily inhabits the Great Plains region, with a large population in Texas. While these animals continue to thrive in many locations, there has been a significant reduction in numbers over the past one hundred years. Several conservation efforts have attempted to remedy this situation. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog Conservation and Management Plan is a long-term monitoring program between the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and cooperating landowners. This plan’s purpose is to develop a strategy that conserves the species while simultaneously protecting property rights. One of the plan’s recommended methods for keeping populations at manageable levels is recreational hunting. This practice provides several landowner benefits, including species control and economic returns. The following study explores three land use scenarios related to implementing a prairie dog hunting operation. It provides a ten-year financial impact and risk assessment for a typical Texas Panhandle producer.Prairie Dogs, Texas Ranching, Risk Management, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use,

Non-linear performance of a three-bearing rotor incorporating a squeeze-film damper

This paper is concerned with the non-linear vibration performance of a rigid rotor supported on three bearings, one being surrounded by a squeeze-film damper. This damper relies on the pressure built up in the squeeze film to help counter-act external forces arising from unbalance and other effects. As a result a vibration orbit of a certain magnetude results. Such vibration orbits illustrate features found in other non-linear systems, in particular sub-harmonic resonances and jump phenomena. Comparisons between theoretical prediction and experimental observations of these phenomena are made

Variable temperature-scanning hall probe microscopy with GaN/AlGaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) micro hall sensors in 4.2-425K range using novel quartz tuning fork AFM feedback

In this report, we present the fabrication and variable temperature (VT) operation of Hall sensors, based on GaN/AlGaN heterostructure with a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) as an active layer, integrated with Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) in atomic force-guided (AFM) scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM). Physical strength and wide band gap of GaN/AlGaN heterostructure makes it a better choice to be used for SHPM at elevated temperatures, compared to other compound semiconductors (AlGaAs/GaAs and InSb), which are unstable due to their narrower band gap and physical degradation at high temperatures. GaN/AlGaN micro Hall probes were produced using optical lithography and reactive ion etching. The active area, Hall coefficient, carrier concentration and series resistance of the Hall sensors were ~14m x 14m, 10m7/G at 4.2K, 6.3 x 10^12cm-2 and 12k7 at room temperature and 7m7/G, 8.9 x 10^12cm-2 and 24k7 at 400K, respectively. A novel method of AFM feedback using QTF has been adopted. This method provides an advantage over STM feedback, which limits the operation of SHPM the conductive samples and failure of feedback due to high leakage currents at high temperatures. Simultaneous scans of magnetic and topographic data at various pressures (from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum) from 4.2K to 425K will be presented for different samples to illustrate the capability of GaN/AlGaN Hall sensors in VT-SHP