UM PANORAMA DAS PESQUISAS ACADÊMICAS SOBRE AUDITORIA INTERNA PUBLICADAS EM PERIÓDICOS E CONGRESSOS NACIONAIS

Este artigo analisou o quadro da produção acadêmica na área de auditoria interna em periódicos e congressos nacionais, no período entre 2006 e 2017. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico, com abordagem quantitativa em um amostra de 37 artigos. Como principais resultados verificou-se que: i)  a produção científica foi dispersa ao longo do período, não podendo afirmar que as publicações sofreram influências em algum ano específico; ii) dos artigos analisados, 72,97% foram publicados em periódicos, sendo a maioria, 48,15%, enquadrado no Qualis/CAPES B4; iii) quanto à metodologia, 51,35% dos artigos utilizam estudo de caso e com abordagem qualitativa; iv) o periódico com um maior número de publicações foi a Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica; v) quanto ao perfil de autoria, percebeu-se que dos 94 autores, a maioria, 92,55%, produziu apenas um artigo no período analisado, e existe ligeira predominância do gênero feminino, 57,45% contra 42,55% masculino; vi) dentre os temas abordados nos estudos, destacaram-se controle interno, práticas de auditoria interna, Lei Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX), governança corporativa e percepção de auditados. Conclui-se que a produção acadêmica em auditoria interna é baixa,  quando comparada a outras pesquisas bibliométricas na área contábil, tais como Ribeiro (2015) e Melo et al. (2015) e constitui um campo que ainda precisa ser melhor explorado pelos pesquisadores

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Performance of LBSap vaccine after intradermal challenge with L. infantum and saliva of Lu. longipalpis : immunogenicity and parasitological evaluation.

In the last decade, the search for new vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis has intensified. However, the pattern related to immune protection during long periods after experimental infection in vaccine trials is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the immunogenicity and parasitological levels after intradermal challenge with Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland extract in dogs immunized with a vaccine composed of L. braziliensis antigens plus saponin as an adjuvant (LBSap vaccine). The LBSap vaccine elicited higher levels of total anti-Leishmania IgG as well as both IgG1 and IgG2. Furthermore, dogs vaccinated had increased levels of lymphocytes, particularly circulating B cells (CD21+) and both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. LBSap also elicited an intense in vitro cell proliferation associated with higher levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for vaccine soluble antigen and soluble lysate of L. infantum antigen even 885 days after experimental challenge. Furthermore, LBSap vaccinated dogs presented high IFN-c and low IL-10 and TGF-b1 expression in spleen with significant reduction of parasite load in this tissue. Overall, our results validate the potential of LBSap vaccine to protect against L. infantum experimental infection and strongly support further evaluation of efficiency of LBSap against CVL in natural infection conditions

Cellular profile of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes in dogs submitted to different vaccination protocols before and after challenge with <i>L. infantum</i> plus SGE.

<p>C (control; white square); Sap (saponin; white triagle); LB (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine; black square), LBSap (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine plus saponin; black triagnle): the <i>x</i>-axis displays the times at which the assays were conducted (Tbc: time before challenge with <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i>; and 20, 90 274, 435, 541 and 885 days after challenge [dac] with <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i>), and the <i>y</i>-axis represents the mean values of the (A) absolute counts of circulating lymphocytes and of (B) CD5⁺, (C) CD4⁺, (D) CD8⁺, (E) CD21⁺ cells and (F) CD14⁺ monocytes. Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) between the LBSap group and the control C, Sap and LB groups are indicated, respectively, by the letters a, b and c.</p

Anti-<i>Leishmania</i> reactivity in serum from dogs submitted to different vaccination protocols before and after intradermal challenge with <i>L. infantum</i> plus SGE: C (control; white square); Sap (saponin; white triangle); LB (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine; black square); LBSap (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine plus saponin; black triangle).

<p>IgG2/IgG1 ratio: C (control; white square) and LBSap (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine plus saponin; black square). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049780#pone-0049780-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a> represents anti-<i>L. infantum</i> total IgG, (B) anti-<i>L. infantum</i> IgG1, (C) anti-<i>L. infantum</i> IgG2 and (D) IgG2/IgG1 ratio: the <i>x</i>-axis displays the times at which the assays were conducted (Tbc: time before challenge with <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i>; and 20, 90 274, 435, 541 and 885 days after challenge [dac] with <i>L</i>. <i>infantum</i>), and the <i>y</i>-axis represents the mean ELISA absorbance values determined at 492 nm in serum samples diluted 1∶80 for IgG total and subclasses. The cut-off is represented by the dotted line. Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) between the LBSap group and the control C, Sap and LB groups are indicated, respectively, by the letters a, b, and c.</p

Evaluation of cytokine mRNA levels in spleen samples at 885 dac (days after challenge with <i>L. infantum</i> plus SGE) for vaccinated groups: C (control; white); Sap (saponin; white with weak hatched); LB (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine; white with strong hatched); LBSap (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine plus saponin; black).

<p>The Log number of messenger RNA molecules for (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α (C) IL-10 and (D) TGF- β1 and the cytokines ratio (E) IFN-γ/IL-10 and (F) IFN-γ/TGF-β1 are shown. Results were plotted representing median values for each group. Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) between the LBSap and the control C, Sap and LB groups are represented by the letters a, b and c, respectively.</p

Sequences of primers used for real-time PCR.

<p>Sequences of primers used for real-time PCR.</p

Quantification of parasite burden in spleen samples at 885 dac (days after challenge with <i>L. infantum</i> plus SGE) for vaccinated groups: C (control; white); Sap (saponin; white with weak hatched); LB (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine; white with strong hatched); LBSap (killed <i>L. braziliensis</i> vaccine plus saponin; black).

<p>(A) The quantification of amastigote forms of <i>Leishmania/</i>mg of spleen using real time PCR with specific primers for a single-copy gene of DNA polymerase of <i>Leishmania infantum</i>. (B) Parasitism reduction (%) in Sap, LB and LBSap in comparison with the control C group. Results were plotted representing median values for each group. Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) between the LBSap and the control C group are represented by the letter a.</p