A SAUDADE DOS SABORES E O COMÉRCIO ÉTNICO DOS IMIGRANTES ITALIANOS NO BRASIL (1875-1914)

Nos anos da Grande Imigração (1875-1914), muitos italianos abriram, nas principais cidades brasileiras que os acolheram, atividades comerciais no setor da alimentação. Como escreveu o jornalista Francesco Bianco depois de uma passagem no país sul-americano em 1922, “os italianos conseguiram impor a sua culinária, assumindo o domínio do paladar destes povos”. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os aspectos distintivos do comércio étnico de gêneros alimentícios importados, que favoreceram um fenômeno de mercado induzido e permitiram a muitos italianos abrir suas próprias casas de despachos nos principais centros urbanos do país. Em particular, é enfatizado o caso de São Paulo, onde a grande quantidade de peninsulares presentes propiciou o surgimento de inúmeros empreendimentos de caráter étnico. Através de uma análise qualitativa de documentos variados como correspondências familiares, imprensa étnica e, principalmente, almanaques raros relativos aos numerosos grupos de italianos instalados no Brasil, se reflete sobre o tema da alimentação como um dos principais elementos na definição de identidades étnicas e, consequentemente, como nova possibilidade para empreendimentos comerciais nas cidades de imigração. Palavras-chave: Imigração italiana. Comércio étnico. Enogastronomia. Identidade étnicaABSTRACTIn the years of the Great Immigration (1875-1914), many Italians opened, in the most important cities of Brazil, commercial activities in the food segment. As the journalist Francesco Bianco wrote during his trip to the South-American country, “the Italians manage to impose their culinary, taking over the domain of people’s taste”. The objective of the present article is to analyze the distinctive features of the ethnic business of exchanged food products, which favored a phenomenon named “induced business” and allowed many Italians to open their own dispatch houses in the main urban centers in the country. In particular, it is emphasized the case of São Paulo, where the large amount of immigrants provide the advent of numerous ethnic enterprises. Through a qualitative analysis of varied documents such as family correspondence, ethnic press and, especially, rare almanacs related to the numerous groups of Italians living in Brazil, this article shows the theme of food as one of the main elements in the definition of ethnic identities and, consequently, as a new possibility for commercial enterprises in the cities of immigration.Keywords: Italian immigration. Ethnic business. Wine and gastronomy. Ethnic Identity

Tra conservazione e integrazione: la cultura alimentare nelle memorie e nella letteratura dei primi immigrati italiani nel Rio Grande do Sul

This article analyses the role that gastronomic cultures have played as distinctive and symbolic elements in the definition of “ethnic” collective identities. We analysed the Italian emigration to the Brazilian estate of Rio Grande do Sul, which since 1875 has received a large number of compatriots, who have become landowners. Through literary and memorialist sources of early immigrants, we describe the dynamics which helped the emerge of transnational gastronomy with a look also on parallel migratory processes in the urban contexts

A SAUDADE DOS SABORES E O COMÉRCIO ÉTNICO DOS IMIGRANTES ITALIANOS NO BRASIL (1875-1914)

Nos anos da Grande Imigração (1875-1914), muitos italianos abriram, nas principais cidades brasileiras que os acolheram, atividades comerciais no setor da alimentação. Como escreveu o jornalista Francesco Bianco depois de uma passagem no país sul-americano em 1922, “os italianos conseguiram impor a sua culinária, assumindo o domínio do paladar destes povos”. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os aspectos distintivos do comércio étnico de gêneros alimentícios importados, que favoreceram um fenômeno de mercado induzido e permitiram a muitos italianos abrir suas próprias casas de despachos nos principais centros urbanos do país. Em particular, é enfatizado o caso de São Paulo, onde a grande quantidade de peninsulares presentes propiciou o surgimento de inúmeros empreendimentos de caráter étnico. Através de uma análise qualitativa de documentos variados como correspondências familiares, imprensa étnica e, principalmente, almanaques raros relativos aos numerosos grupos de italianos instalados no Brasil, se reflete sobre o tema da alimentação como um dos principais elementos na definição de identidades étnicas e, consequentemente, como nova possibilidade para empreendimentos comerciais nas cidades de imigração. Palavras-chave: Imigração italiana. Comércio étnico. Enogastronomia. Identidade étnica ABSTRACT In the years of the Great Immigration (1875-1914), many Italians opened, in the most important cities of Brazil, commercial activities in the food segment. As the journalist Francesco Bianco wrote during his trip to the South-American country, “the Italians manage to impose their culinary, taking over the domain of people’s taste”. The objective of the present article is to analyze the distinctive features of the ethnic business of exchanged food products, which favored a phenomenon named “induced business” and allowed many Italians to open their own dispatch houses in the main urban centers in the country. In particular, it is emphasized the case of São Paulo, where the large amount of immigrants provide the advent of numerous ethnic enterprises. Through a qualitative analysis of varied documents such as family correspondence, ethnic press and, especially, rare almanacs related to the numerous groups of Italians living in Brazil, this article shows the theme of food as one of the main elements in the definition of ethnic identities and, consequently, as a new possibility for commercial enterprises in the cities of immigration. Keywords: Italian immigration. Ethnic business. Wine and gastronomy. Ethnic Identity

A Grande Guerra do ítalo-gaúcho Olyntho Sanmartin

In this article we reflect on the issue of the repatriation of Italian-Brazilian volunteers and reservists who enlisted in the Italian army during World War I. When Italy entered the conflict on May 1915, about 12,000 Italians and descendants living in Brazil returned to fight at the front. From the beginning, a significant number of young volunteers presented themselves at the consulates of the main centers of Italian immigration with the intention to defend the distant homeland. In particular, we will analyze the war memories of Olyntho Sanmartin, an Italian-Gaucho who falsified his date of birth in order to be able to enlist, but later bitterly regretted his choice, when it was too late. A micro-analysis on a reduced scale of this type, along with general data and context, is helpful to get to broader conclusions and reflections on the dynamics that determined the choice to repatriate and on the question of the identity of individuals in communities not yet fully integrated into the host society.Keywords: Italian immigration, World War I, Italian-Brazilian volunteers.Neste artigo, reflete-se sobre a questão dos repatriamentos de voluntários e reservistas ítalo-brasileiros que se alistaram no exército italiano durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Quando a Itália, em maio de 1915, entrou no conflito, cerca de 12 mil, entre italianos e descendentes residentes no Brasil, voltaram para lutar no front. Desde o início, um número significativo de jovens se apresentou voluntariamente nos consulados dos principais centros da imigração italiana, com a intenção de defender a pátria longínqua. Em particular, será analisado o conteúdo das memórias de guerra de Olyntho Sanmartin, um ítalo-gaúcho que falsificou a sua data de nascimento para poder se alistar, antes de se arrepender amargamente da sua escolha, quando já era tarde. Uma análise em escala reduzida desse tipo, entrelaçada com os dados gerais e de contexto, se revela de grande utilidade para chegar a conclusões e reflexões de mais amplo alcance sobre as dinâmicas que determinaram a escolha de repatriar e a questão da identidade de indivíduos que pertenciam a coletividades ainda não plenamente absorvidas nas sociedades de acolhimento. Palavras-chave: imigração italiana, Primeira Guerra Mundial, voluntários ítalo-brasileiros

A topological analysis of a geographical model for internet

This paper presents the analysis of a complex networks model of Internet connectivity named “Geometric Growing Model with n\ud Redundant Edges” (GGM-RE-n). This approach models the growth of Internet while taking into account the physical position of the\ud nodes. The node degree distribution and average radius are investigated for different configurations of the networks. The results\ud provide insights about the progressive evolution of the networks as new edges are added, as well as about the effect of the locality\ud factor over the degree distribution and average radius.FAPESP (03/08269-7)FAPESP (05/00587-5)CNPq (301303/ 06-1

On the effects of geographical constraints on task execution in complex networks

In the present work we investigate the effects of spatial constraints on the efficiency of task execution in systems underlain by geographical complex networks where the probability of connection decreases with the distance between the nodes. The investigation considers several configurations of the parameters defining the network connectivity, and the Barabasi-Albert network model is also considered for comparisons. The results show that the effect of connectivity is significant only for shorter tasks, that the locality of connections implied by the spatial constraints reduces efficency, and that the addition of edges can improve the efficiency of the execution, although with increasing locality of the connections the improvement is small

Serafino Zappacosta: An Enlightened Mentor and Educator.

With this article, the authors aim to honor the memory of Serafino Zappacosta, who had been their mentor during the early years of their career in science. The authors discuss how the combination of Serafino Zappacosta's extraordinary commitment to teaching and passion for science created a fostering educational environment that led to the creation of the "Ruggero Ceppellini Advanced School of Immunology." The review also illustrates how the research on the MHC and the inspirational scientific context in the Zappacosta's laboratory influenced the authors' early scientific interests, and subsequent professional work as immunologists

Energy Localization in the Peyrard-Bishop DNA model

We study energy localization on the oscillator-chain proposed by Peyrard and Bishop to model the DNA. We search numerically for conditions with initial energy in a small subgroup of consecutive oscillators of a finite chain and such that the oscillation amplitude is small outside this subgroup for a long timescale. We use a localization criterion based on the information entropy and we verify numerically that such localized excitations exist when the nonlinear dynamics of the subgroup oscillates with a frequency inside the reactive band of the linear chain. We predict a mimium value for the Morse parameter $(\mu >2.25)$ (the only parameter of our normalized model), in agreement with the numerical calculations (an estimate for the biological value is $\mu =6.3$). For supercritical masses, we use canonical perturbation theory to expand the frequencies of the subgroup and we calculate an energy threshold in agreement with the numerical calculations