CONSTRUÇÃO DO CALENDÁRIO AGRÍCOLA PARA O MUNICÍPIO DE ITABERABA, BASEADO NA SÉRIE HISTÓRICA DE 1993 A 2013

O Estado da Bahia apresenta cerca de 70% de sua área sob o domínio semiárido (Projeto Áridas/CARAOUAD, 1995). A irregularidade pluviométrica é um traço marcante no estado o que, sem um monitoramento das quantidades e períodos de chuva, torna o ato de produzir no Sertão uma tarefa desafiadora. O município de Itaberaba é um retrato deste território, onde está presente as atividades de agricultura de sequeiro e criação de animais, portanto estas intempéries afetam diretamente a vida destes produtores rurais, que carecem de informações meteorológicas adequadas para preparar o solo, semear, plantar e colher no momento mais oportuno.Com base na análise da rede meteorológica do estado da Bahia, voltando-se os estudos para a construção do Calendário Agrícola do município de Itaberaba, foi possível caracterizar os níveis de pluviosidade atrelados aos números das produções das culturas do abacaxi, da mandioca e do feijão, interpretando e indicando os meses mais adequados para cada etapa da produção. O calendário agrícola para estas culturas, além de ser um meio para se planejar com mais eficiência a produção agrícola do município, é um instrumento de comunicação e divulgação sobre a variabilidade meteorológica do município estará acessível ao pequeno proprietário rural. Saber o reparto sazonal dos volumes de chuvas e como elas irão repercutir no plantio dos produtos, com uma linguagem de fácil compreensão e um meio facilitado de acesso, vai promover um melhor planejamento de sua atividade agrícola e fazê-lo tomar medidas preventivas quanto aos problemas climáticos

A HISTÓRIA EVOCANDO MEMÓRIAS E IDENTIDADES EM SALA DE AULA

Resumo: O presente texto propõe uma reflexão sobre o papel do educador na exploração das memórias e identidades dos discentes e a relação dos mesmos com a História. Deste modo, pensar o papel da escola, de maneira geral, e do professor de História, no particular, na construção, no reconhecimento e na aceitação do aluno de suas possíveis identidades dentro da sociedade. Para isso, cito experiências realizadas em sala de aula com conteúdos didáticos, busco pensar a atuação do Professor com o trato dos chamados “Temas Sensíveis” como ponto focal para a construção de um saber reflexivo e transformador das relações interpessoais dos alunos, assim como da percepção dele como sujeito da sua história. Palavras-chave: Temas Sensíveis. Ensino de História. História. Memória. Identidade

Role of the reversible electrochemical deprotonation of phosphate species in anaerobic biocorrosion of steels

Sulphate reducing bacteria are known to play a major role in anaerobic microbiological influenced corrosion of steels, but mechanisms behind their influence are still source of debates as certain phenomena remain unexplained. Some experiments have shown that hydrogen consumption by SRB or hydrogenase increased the corrosion rate of mild steel. This was observed only in the presence of phosphate species. Here the cathodic behaviour of phosphate species on steel was studied to elucidate the role of phosphate in anaerobic corrosion of steel. Results showed: a linear correlation between reduction waves in linear voltammetry and phosphate concentration at a constant pH value; that phosphate ions induced considerable anaerobic corrosion of mild steel, which was sensitive to hydrogen concentration in the solution; and that the corrosion potential of stainless steel in presence of phosphate was shifted to more negative values as molecular hydrogen was added to the atmosphere in the reaction vessel. Phosphate species, and possibly other weak acids present in biofilms, are suggested to play an important role in the anaerobic corrosion of steels via a reversible mechanism of electrochemical deprotonation that may be accelerated by hydrogen removal

Pointing to visible and invisible targets

We investigated how the visibility of targets influenced the type of point used to provide directions. In Study 1 we asked 605 passersby in three localities for directions to well-known local landmarks. When that landmark was in plain view behind the requester, most respondents pointed with their index fingers, and few respondents pointed more than once. In contrast, when the landmark was not in view, respondents pointed initially with their index fingers, but often elaborated with a whole-hand point. In Study 2, we covertly filmed the responses from 157 passersby we approached for directions, capturing both verbal and gestural responses. As in Study 1, few respondents produced more than one gesture when the target was in plain view and initial points were most likely to be index finger points. Thus, in a Western geographical context in which pointing with the index finger is the dominant form of pointing, a slight change in circumstances elicited a preference for pointing with the whole hand when it was the second or third manual gesture in a sequence

Using PIV to measure granular temperature in saturated unsteady polydisperse granular flows

The motion of debris flows, gravity-driven fast moving mixtures of rock, soil and water can be interpreted using the theories developed to describe the shearing motion of highly concentrated granular fluid flows. Frictional, collisional and viscous stress transfer between particles and fluid characterizes the mechanics of debris flows. To quantify the influence of collisional stress transfer, kinetic models have been proposed. Collisions among particles result in random fluctuations in their velocity that can be represented by their granular temperature, T. In this paper particle image velocimetry, PIV, is used to measure the instantaneous velocity field found internally to a physical model of an unsteady debris flow created by using “transparent soil”—i.e. a mixture of graded glass particles and a refractively matched fluid. The ensemble possesses bulk properties similar to that of real soil-pore fluid mixtures, but has the advantage of giving optical access to the interior of the flow by use of plane laser induced fluorescence, PLIF. The relationship between PIV patch size and particle size distribution for the front and tail of the flows is examined in order to assess their influences on the measured granular temperature of the system. We find that while PIV can be used to ascertain values of granular temperature in dense granular flows, due to increasing spatial correlation with widening gradation, a technique proposed to infer the true granular temperature may be limited to flows of relatively uniform particle size or large bulk

The empirical basis for modelling glacial erosion rates

Glaciers are highly effective agents of erosion that have profoundly shaped Earth’s surface, but there is uncertainty about how glacial erosion should be parameterised in landscape evolution models. Glacial erosion rate is usually modelled as a function of glacier sliding velocity, but the empirical basis for this relationship is weak. In turn, climate is assumed to control sliding velocity and hence erosion, but this too lacks empirical scrutiny. Here, we present statistically robust relationships between erosion rates, sliding velocities, and climate from a global compilation of 38 glaciers. We show that sliding is positively and significantly correlated with erosion, and derive a relationship for use in erosion models. Our dataset further demonstrates that the most rapid erosion is achieved at temperate glaciers with high mean annual precipitation, which serve to promote rapid sliding. Precipitation has received little attention in glacial erosion studies, but our data illustrate its importance

In vivo biosensing via tissue-localizable near-infrared-fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are particularly attractive for biomedical applications, because they exhibit a fluorescent signal in a spectral region where there is minimal interference from biological media. Although single-walled carbon nanotubes have been used as highly sensitive detectors for various compounds, their use as in vivo biomarkers requires the simultaneous optimization of various parameters, including biocompatibility, molecular recognition, high fluorescence quantum efficiency and signal transduction. Here we show that a polyethylene glycol ligated copolymer stabilizes near-infrared-fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes sensors in solution, enabling intravenous injection into mice and the selective detection of local nitric oxide concentration with a detection limit of 1 µM. The half-life for liver retention is 4 h, with sensors clearing the lungs within 2 h after injection, thus avoiding a dominant route of in vivo nanotoxicology. After localization within the liver, it is possible to follow the transient inflammation using nitric oxide as a marker and signalling molecule. To this end, we also report a spatial-spectral imaging algorithm to deconvolute fluorescence intensity and spatial information from measurements. Finally, we demonstrate that alginate-encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotubes can function as implantable inflammation sensors for nitric oxide detection, with no intrinsic immune reactivity or other adverse response for more than 400 days.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (T32 Training Grant in Environmental Toxicology ES007020)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (Grant P01 CA26731)National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant P30 ES002109)Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation (Young Investigator Award)National Science Foundation (U.S.). Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and EngineersScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2211 Research Fellowship Programme)Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2214 Research Fellowship Programme)Middle East Technical University. Faculty Development ProgrammeSanofi Aventis (Firm) (Biomedical Innovation Grant