Alfabetização cartografica e metodologias ativas no contexto do ensino remoto

To think about any educational process in contemporary Brazil, it is necessary to consider the adoption of emergency measures demanded by the Sars-CoV2 pandemic and the social distancing applied in Brazil. There have been worrying changes and the entire development of the country is being affected and, in education, the functioning mode that the schools took was the offering of the remote modality. Considering how most school continuities were established in the country through Ensino Remoto Emergencial (Emergency Remote Teaching), it is essential to think about the development of themes that require attention in the early years of Ensino Fundamental (Elementary School), allowing a gradual and sequential development to be effective throughout the student's study life. This work sought to identify whether cartographic literacy is being developed by teachers in the early years of elementary school in geographic education classes in the context of remote teaching in the State of Tocantins during the year 2021. The research path started by exploring books, scientific articles, and other indirect documents and, also, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of direct documentation prepared from the application of questionnaires to the studied population group. From the theoretical discussions and analysis of the speeches of the teachers participating in this research, it was possible to consider that the adoption of Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE) must be understood in its transience, that is, it must be contextualized in its relationship with the temporary feature of the pandemic crisis. Thus, the ERE demanded effort from professionals to adopt tools that were often not part of their daily work and, based on their practices, the resources and experiences of teachers reveal both the potential of using digital tools, as well as obstacles to educational development. During the practice of the ERE, according to the data collected, there was no effective action on the part of some teachers who used to work with cartography in the classroom, but with remote teaching stopped working on its concepts. This may show the existing barrier in the adoption of technologies to explore a topic that is often conditioned by teachers to practice in the classroom, with maps, charts, measurement tools, drawing, among others. The Active Methodologies could overcome some difficulties faced in this pandemic context, but they demand practice both from the teacher in conducting the experience, and from the students who need material structure to consolidate their educational development proposed in these methodologies. However, what was observed is that many of the strategies that teachers adopted were based on lectures, which goes back to the possibility that planning was systematically transferred from the traditional face-to-face model to the remote model. There was, therefore, no reflection on the forms of transition from one model to another in the act of planning classes.Para pensar sobre qualquer processo educativo na contemporaneidade brasileira é necessário ponderar sobre a adoção de medidas emergenciais demandadas pela pandemia de Sars-CoV2 e o distanciamento social aplicados no Brasil. Houveram mudanças preocupantes e todo o desenvolvimento do país está sendo afetado e, na educação, a forma de funcionamento que as escolas assumiram foi a oferta de ensino na modalidade remota. Considerando como foi estabelecida a maioria das continuidades escolares no país através do Ensino Remoto Emergencial é essencial pensar o desenvolvimento de temas que exigem atenção nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, permitindo um desenvolvimento gradual e sequencial para ser efetivo ao longo da vida estudantil do discente. Este trabalho buscou identificar se a alfabetização cartográfica está sendo desenvolvida pelos professores nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental nas aulas de educação geográfica no contexto do ensino remoto no Estado do Tocantins durante o ano de 2021. O caminho de pesquisa foi iniciado pela exploração de livros, artigos científicos, e outros documentos indiretos e, também, a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de documentação direta elaborados a partir da aplicação de questionários ao grupo populacional estudado. A partir das discussões teóricas e das análises das falas dos professores participantes desta pesquisa, pôde-se considerar que a adoção do Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE) deve ser compreendida em sua transitoriedade, ou seja, deve ser contextualizado na sua relação com o caráter temporário da crise pandêmica. Assim, o ERE exigiu esforço dos profissionais em adotar ferramentas que, muitas vezes, não faziam parte do seu cotidiano laboral e, a partir de suas práticas, os recursos e as experiências dos professores revelam tanto as potencialidades do uso de ferramentas digitais, como também os obstáculos para o desenvolvimento educacional. Durante a prática do ERE, segundo os dados coletados, não houve a efetiva atuação por parte de alguns professores que em sala presencial trabalhavam a cartografia, mas com o ensino remoto deixaram de trabalhar seus conceitos. Isso pode mostrar a barreira existente na adoção das tecnologias para explorar um tema que, muitas vezes, está condicionado pelos docentes à prática em sala de aula, com mapas, cartas, ferramentas de medição, desenho, entre outros. As Metodologias Ativas poderiam contornar algumas dificuldades enfrentadas nesse contexto pandêmico, porém demandam prática tanto do professor em conduzir a experiência, quanto dos discentes que necessitam de estrutura material para consolidar seu desenvolvimento educacional proposto nestas metodologias. Porém, o que se observou é que muitas das estratégias que os professores adotaram foram baseadas em aulas expositivas, o que remonta à possibilidade de que o planejamento foi sistematicamente transferido do modelo presencial tradicional para o modelo remoto. Não houve, assim, uma reflexão sobre as formas de transição de um modelo para outro no ato de planejar as aulas

Estimation of leaf area index in eucalypt forest with vertical foliage, using cover and fullframe fisheye photography

This study compared fullframe fisheye photography and cover photography with destructive leaf area index (L) estimation and the Licor LAI-2000 plant canopy analyser (PCA) in plantations of the vertical leaved species Eucalyptus globulus. Fullframe fisheye photography differs from circular fisheye photography in that the images have reduced field of view such that the zenithal range of 0-90° extends to the corners of the rectangular image, roughly doubling image resolution compared to circular images. Cover images instead are obtained by pointing a 70 mm equivalent focal length lens (in 35 mm format) straight upwards. Measurements of cover and indirect estimates of plant area index (Lt) were made in 12 stands of 6-8 years old Eucalyptus globulus. L was measured using destructive sampling and allometry in nine of these stands and ranged from 2.5 to 6.6. Both foliage cover and Lt from the PCA were well correlated with L from allometry, but fullframe fisheye photography provided poor estimates of L despite corrections for foliage clumping. Sampling location had a significant effect on estimates of crown porosity, crown cover and zenithal clumping index from cover photography. The zenithal extinction coefficient (k), calculated from L, crown porosity and cover, ranged from 0.14 to 0.25 and appeared to decrease as L increased; hence, we were unable to obtain an unambiguous estimate of k for E. globulus stands. Nonetheless, the study showed that L can be estimated from foliage cover with similar certainty to that of the PCA. We conclude that the greatest challenge facing indirect estimation of L in forests using photographic methods is to separate the effects of foliage angle from those of foliage clumping. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

NN Scattering: Chiral Predictions for Asymptotic Observables

We assume that the nuclear potential for distances larger than 2.5 fm is given just by the exchanges of one and two pions and, for the latter, we adopt a model based on chiral symmetry and subthreshold pion-nucleon amplitudes, which contains no free parameters. The predictions produced by this model for nucleon-nucleon observables are calculated and shown to agree well with both experiment and those due to phenomenological potentials.Comment: 16 pages, 12 PS figures included, to appear in Physical Review

Decoherence of matter waves by thermal emission of radiation

Emergent quantum technologies have led to increasing interest in decoherence - the processes that limit the appearance of quantum effects and turn them into classical phenomena. One important cause of decoherence is the interaction of a quantum system with its environment, which 'entangles' the two and distributes the quantum coherence over so many degrees of freedom as to render it unobservable. Decoherence theory has been complemented by experiments using matter waves coupled to external photons or molecules, and by investigations using coherent photon states, trapped ions and electron interferometers. Large molecules are particularly suitable for the investigation of the quantum-classical transition because they can store much energy in numerous internal degrees of freedom; the internal energy can be converted into thermal radiation and thus induce decoherence. Here we report matter wave interferometer experiments in which C70 molecules lose their quantum behaviour by thermal emission of radiation. We find good quantitative agreement between our experimental observations and microscopic decoherence theory. Decoherence by emission of thermal radiation is a general mechanism that should be relevant to all macroscopic bodies.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Minor shift in background substitutional patterns in the Drosophila saltans and willistoni lineages is insufficient to explain GC content of coding sequences

BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence suggest that codon usage in the Drosophila saltans and D. willistoni lineages has shifted towards a less frequent use of GC-ending codons. Introns in these lineages show a parallel shift toward a lower GC content. These patterns have been alternatively ascribed to either a shift in mutational patterns or changes in the definition of preferred and unpreferred codons in these lineages. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: To gain additional insight into this question, we quantified background substitutional patterns in the saltans/willistoni group using inactive copies of a novel, Q-like retrotransposable element. We demonstrate that the pattern of background substitutions in the saltans/willistoni lineage has shifted to a significant degree, primarily due to changes in mutational biases. These differences predict a lower equilibrium GC content in the genomes of the saltans/willistoni species compared with that in the D. melanogaster species group. The magnitude of the difference can readily account for changes in intronic GC content, but it appears insufficient to explain changes in codon usage within the saltans/willistoni lineage. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the observed changes in codon usage in the saltans/willistoni clade reflects either lineage-specific changes in the definitions of preferred and unpreferred codons, or a weaker selective pressure on codon bias in this lineage

DINÂMICA ESPACIAL DO ESTOQUE DE BIOMASSA E CARBONO EM REMANESCENTES FLORESTAIS NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL – BRASIL

Entre os diversos serviços ambientais prestados pelos ecossistemas florestais, destaca-se o sequestro e estocagem do carbono na forma de biomassa. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar e investigar a dinâmica do estoque da biomassa e do carbono florestal aéreo em estágios sucessionais de regeneração em florestas nativas na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, utilizando dados de Sensoriamento Remoto. O estudo foi realizado em três décadas (1985-2014), abrangendo 9.046,9 km². A classificação das sucessões florestais em estágios de regeneração foi realizada a partir das seguintes classes de tamanho: inicial ( 10 ha). Na sequência, foi estimada a biomassa e o carbono para cada fragmento florestal, conforme sua evolução ao longo do tempo.  A biomassa florestal foi estimada para as datas de 1985, 1994, 2005 e 2014, avaliando a dinâmica da biomassa e do carbono florestal presente na área de estudo durante este período. A biomassa total estimada foi de 80.831 Gg, dividida em três estágios de regeneração: inicial (659 Gg), médio (2.549 Gg) e avançado (77.623 Gg). O carbono estimado foi de 296 Gg para o estágio inicial, 1.147 para o estágio médio e 34.930 para o estágio avançado, totalizando 36.373 Gg Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são de suma importância, pois demonstram que as florestas presentes na região noroeste do Rio Grande Do Sul estão contribuindo positivamente com a remoção de dióxido de carbono da atmosfera, consequentemente auxiliando na mitigação das alterações climáticas

USO DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS POR FAMÍLIAS DO INTERIOR DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

The use of medicinal plants in health care is a common practice in society. Objectives: 1) To identify the main medicinal plants used by families living in the municipality of Novo Machado/RS; 2) To compare the therapeutic effects mentioned by the research participants with those evidenced in the scientific literature. Method: A qualitative study conducted with 12 families residing in the municipality of Novo Machado-RS. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews along with the creation of a spreadsheet for ethnobotanical survey. The most mentioned medicinal plants were taxonomically identified, and the therapeutic effects attributed by the families were compared to the scientific literature. Results: 74 species of medicinal plants were mentioned. Among these, the most cited were: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), marigold (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.), boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Molina), and aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.). Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of the plants mentioned by the research participants are similar to the data found in the scientific literature.  El uso de plantas medicinales en el cuidado de la salud es una práctica común en la sociedade. Objetivos: 1) Identificar las principales plantas medicinales utilizadas por familias que viven en el municipio de Novo Machado/RS; 2) Comparar los efectos terapéuticos mencionados por los participantes de la investigación con los evidenciados en la literatura científica. Método: Estudio cualitativo realizado con 12 familias que residen en el municipio de Novo Machado-RS. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas junto con la elaboración de una hoja de cálculo para el levantamiento etnobotánico. Las plantas medicinales más mencionadas recibieron su identificación taxonómica y se compararon los efectos terapéuticos atribuidos por las familias con la literatura científica. Resultados: Se mencionaron 74 especies de plantas medicinales. Entre estas, las más citadas fueron: hierba de limón (Cymbopogon citratus), manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.), manzanilla silvestre (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.), boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Molina) y sábila (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.). Conclusión: Los efectos terapéuticos de las plantas mencionadas por los participantes de la investigación se asemejan a los datos encontrados en la literatura científica.identificar quais as principais plantas medicinais utilizadas por famílias que vivem no município de Novo Machado-RS; 2) Comparar os efeitos terapêuticos citados pelos participantes da pesquisa com os evidenciados pela literatura cientifica. Método: estudo de natureza qualitativa realizado com 12 famílias que residem no município de Novo Machado-RS. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada juntamente com a elaboração de uma planilha para o levantamento etnobotânico. As plantas medicinais mais citadas receberam sua identificação taxonômica e os efeitos terapêuticos atribuídos pelas famílias foram comparados à literatura científica. Resultados: foram citadas 74 espécies de plantas medicinais, destas, as mais mencionadas foram: cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus), camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.), marcela (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.), boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Molina) e babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.). Conclusão: os efeitos terapêuticos das plantas citadas pelos participantes da pesquisa assemelham-se aos dados encontrados na literatura científica.identificar quais as principais plantas medicinais utilizadas por famílias que vivem no município de Novo Machado-RS; 2) Comparar os efeitos terapêuticos citados pelos participantes da pesquisa com os evidenciados pela literatura cientifica. Método: estudo de natureza qualitativa realizado com 12 famílias que residem no município de Novo Machado-RS. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada juntamente com a elaboração de uma planilha para o levantamento etnobotânico. As plantas medicinais mais citadas receberam sua identificação taxonômica e os efeitos terapêuticos atribuídos pelas famílias foram comparados à literatura científica. Resultados: foram citadas 74 espécies de plantas medicinais, destas, as mais mencionadas foram: cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus), camomila (Matricaria chamomilla L.), marcela (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.), boldo (Plectranthus barbatus Molina) e babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.). Conclusão: os efeitos terapêuticos das plantas citadas pelos participantes da pesquisa assemelham-se aos dados encontrados na literatura científica

Optimising use of electronic health records to describe the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis in primary care: a strategy for developing code lists

Background Research using electronic health records (EHRs) relies heavily on coded clinical data. Due to variation in coding practices, it can be difficult to aggregate the codes for a condition in order to define cases. This paper describes a methodology to develop ‘indicator markers’ found in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA); these are a broader range of codes which may allow a probabilistic case definition to use in cases where no diagnostic code is yet recorded. Methods We examined EHRs of 5,843 patients in the General Practice Research Database, aged ≥30y, with a first coded diagnosis of RA between 2005 and 2008. Lists of indicator markers for RA were developed initially by panels of clinicians drawing up code-lists and then modified based on scrutiny of available data. The prevalence of indicator markers, and their temporal relationship to RA codes, was examined in patients from 3y before to 14d after recorded RA diagnosis. Findings Indicator markers were common throughout EHRs of RA patients, with 83.5% having 2 or more markers. 34% of patients received a disease-specific prescription before RA was coded; 42% had a referral to rheumatology, and 63% had a test for rheumatoid factor. 65% had at least one joint symptom or sign recorded and in 44% this was at least 6-months before recorded RA diagnosis. Conclusion Indicator markers of RA may be valuable for case definition in cases which do not yet have a diagnostic code. The clinical diagnosis of RA is likely to occur some months before it is coded, shown by markers frequently occurring ≥6 months before recorded diagnosis. It is difficult to differentiate delay in diagnosis from delay in recording. Information concealed in free text may be required for the accurate identification of patients and to assess the quality of care in general practice