1,310 research outputs found
Icosahedron designs
It is known from the work of Adams and Bryant that icosahedron designs of order v exist for v ≡ 1 (mod 60) as well as for v = 16. Here we prove that icosahedron designs exist if and only if v ≡ 1, 16, 21 or 36 (mod 60), wit
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Designs for graphs with six vertices and nine edges
The design spectrum has been determined for eleven of the 21 graphs with six vertices and nine edges. In this paper we completely solve the design spectrum problem for the remaining ten graphs
Spontaneous thermal runaway as an ultimate failure mechanism of materials
The first theoretical estimate of the shear strength of a perfect crystal was
given by Frenkel [Z. Phys. 37, 572 (1926)]. He assumed that as slip occurred,
two rigid atomic rows in the crystal would move over each other along a slip
plane. Based on this simple model, Frenkel derived the ultimate shear strength
to be about one tenth of the shear modulus. Here we present a theoretical study
showing that catastrophic material failure may occur below Frenkel's ultimate
limit as a result of thermal runaway. We demonstrate that the condition for
thermal runaway to occur is controlled by only two dimensionless variables and,
based on the thermal runaway failure mechanism, we calculate the maximum shear
strength of viscoelastic materials. Moreover, during the thermal
runaway process, the magnitude of strain and temperature progressively localize
in space producing a narrow region of highly deformed material, i.e. a shear
band. We then demonstrate the relevance of this new concept for material
failure known to occur at scales ranging from nanometers to kilometers.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Eq. (6) and Fig. 2a corrected; added references;
improved quality of figure
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The Relationship Between Incident Wave Energy and Seacliff Erosion Rates: San Diego County, California
Spontaneous dissipation of elastic energy by self-localizing thermal runaway
Thermal runaway instability induced by material softening due to shear
heating represents a potential mechanism for mechanical failure of viscoelastic
solids. In this work we present a model based on a continuum formulation of a
viscoelastic material with Arrhenius dependence of viscosity on temperature,
and investigate the behavior of the thermal runaway phenomenon by analytical
and numerical methods. Approximate analytical descriptions of the problem
reveal that onset of thermal runaway instability is controlled by only two
dimensionless combinations of physical parameters. Numerical simulations of the
model independently verify these analytical results and allow a quantitative
examination of the complete time evolutions of the shear stress and the spatial
distributions of temperature and displacement during runaway instability. Thus
we find that thermal runaway processes may well develop under nonadiabatic
conditions. Moreover, nonadiabaticity of the unstable runaway mode leads to
continuous and extreme localization of the strain and temperature profiles in
space, demonstrating that the thermal runaway process can cause shear banding.
Examples of time evolutions of the spatial distribution of the shear
displacement between the interior of the shear band and the essentially
nondeforming material outside are presented. Finally, a simple relation between
evolution of shear stress, displacement, shear-band width and temperature rise
during runaway instability is given.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures. Extended conclusion; added reference
In-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a semi-rural setting:An observational study on the implementation of a helicopter emergency medical services pathway
AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) facilitated pathway for in-hospital extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) for patients with an out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in a semi-rural setting. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with an OHCA attended by a UK HEMS service between 1 January 2018 and 20 September 2021, when a dedicated ECPR pathway was in effect to facilitate transport of eligible patients to the nearest ECLS centre. The primary endpoint was the number of patients meeting ECPR eligibility criteria at three pre-defined time points: at HEMS dispatch, during on-scene evaluation and upon arrival in hospital. RESULTS: During the study period, 162 patients attended met ECPR pathway dispatch criteria. After on-scene evaluation, 74 patients (45%) had a return of spontaneously circulation before arrival of HEMS, 60 (37%) did not meet eligibility criteria regarding initial rhythm or etiology of the OHCA, and 15 (9%) had deteriorated (mainly into asystole) and were no longer suitable candidates upon arrival of HEMS. Eleven patients were eligible for ECPR and transported to hospital in arrest, and a further two patients were transported for post-ROSC ECLS. Nine patients deteriorated during transport and were no longer suitable ECPR candidates upon arrival. ECLS was successfully initiated in two patients (one intra-arrest, and one post-ROSC). CONCLUSION: In-hospital ECPR is of limited value for patients with refractory OHCA in a semi-rural setting, even when a dedicated pathway is in place. Potentially eligible patients often cannot be transported within an appropriate timeframe and/or deteriorate before arrival in hospital
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