The World at 7:00: Comparing the Experience of Situations Across 20 Countries

The purpose of this research is to quantitatively compare everyday situational experience around the world. Local collaborators recruited 5,447 members of college communities in 20 countries, who provided data via a Web site in 14 languages. Using the 89 items of the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ), participants described the situation they experienced the previous evening at 7:00 p.m. Correlations among the average situational profiles of each country ranged from r =.73 to r =.95; the typical situation was described as largely pleasant. Most similar were the United States/Canada; least similar were South Korea/Denmark. Japan had the most homogenous situational experience; South Korea, the least. The 15 RSQ items varying the most across countries described relatively negative aspects of situational experience; the 15 least varying items were more positive. Further analyses correlated RSQ items with national scores on six value dimensions, the Big Five traits, economic output, and population. Individualism, Neuroticism, Openness, and Gross Domestic Product yielded more significant correlations than expected by chance. Psychological research traditionally has paid more attention to the assessment of persons than of situations, a discrepancy that extends to cross-cultural psychology. The present study demonstrates how cultures vary in situational experience in psychologically meaningful ways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Oxide cathodes for electrochemical devices made with the use of a nanostructured composition material

The possibility of using the LnO x mischmetal (Ln = Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm) for preparation of cath- odes for solid-oxide fuel cells with the supported YSZ electrolyte is studied. The electrical and electrochem- ical characteristics of Ln-Mn-O electrodes with the ratio of all lanthanides contained in the mischmetal except for cerium to manganese Ln : Mn = 1 : 1 and also of a material comprised of Ln-Mn-O and La 0.8Sr 0.2MnO 3 are studied. The latter electrode material that contains 35-40 wt % of Ln-Mn-O and was sintered at 1200°C has the specific ohmic resistance of 0.1 O cm at 800°C. The polarization conductivity is compared for electrodes made of 100% Ln-Mn-O, 40 wt % Ln-Mn-O + 60 wt % La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, and 100% La 0.8Sr 0.2MnO 3 in the initial state and after their modification through the introduction of an electro- catalyst (PrO 2 - x). The highest polarization conductivity is typical of Ln-Mn-O + (La, Sr)MnO3 electrodes containing 40 wt % Ln-Mn-O and PrO 2 - x. The polarization conductivity of these electrodes is found to be 25 S/cm2 at 800°C. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012

Electrical and electrochemical properties of La2NiO4+δ-based cathodes in contact with Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ electrolyte

The current work focuses on the investigation of the structural and electrical properties of La2NiO4±δ, La1.7Sr0.3NiO4±δ and La1.7Ca0.3NiO4±δ layered perovskites and electrochemical performance of the cathodes on their base in contact with the Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte with special attention given to the influence of the introduction of the sintering additives (CuO, Bi0.75Y0.25O1.5) into cathode layers on their in-plane and polarization resistances. Studies by the dc four-probe technique and impedance spectroscopy were performed on the samples with/without the collector layer on a base of LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3 with different sintering temperatures of the electrode layers. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.This work has been partly done using facilities of the shared access center "Composition of compounds" IHTE, UB RAS, and supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Government of Sverdlovsk region and Presidium of Ural Branch of RAS (projects №№13-03-96098, 14-03-00414, 14-08-31030, 12-S-3-1016)

Characterization of Ni-cermet degradation phenomena I. Long termresistivity monitoring, image processing and X-ray fluorescenceanalysis

The present paper is devoted to Ni-cermet degradation phenomena and places emphasis on experimental approaches and data handling. The resistivity of Ni-YSZ cermet (nickel and 8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia) anode substrates was monitored during 3000 h at 700 and 800 °C in a gas mixture of 80 vol.% water vapor and 20 vol.% hydrogen. The experimentally evaluated dependence of resistivity of the Ni-YSZ substrates can be well described by exponential decay functions. Post test analysis by image processing and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis for characterization of the microstructure and elemental composition were carried out for virgin samples and after 300, 1000 and 3000 h of exposure time. The 3D-microstructure was reconstructed using an original spheres packing algorithm. Two processes leading to the Ni-YSZ degradation were observed: Ni-phase particle coarsening and volatilization. The effect of these processes on resistivity and such microstructure parameters as porosity, Ni-phase fraction, Ni and YSZ phases particle size distributions, triple phase boundary length, and tortuosity factor are considered in this paper

Effect of nature of the ceramic component of the composite electrodes based on La<inf>1.7</inf>Ca(Sr)<inf>0.3</inf>NiO<inf>4+δ</inf> on their electrochemical performance

The manuscript focuses on the electrochemical performance of the La1.7Ca0.3NiO4+δ (LCNO) and La1.7Sr0.3NiO4+δ (LSNO) based composite cathodes with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) or BaCe0.89Gd0.1Cu0.01O3 (BCGCu) ceramic components in contact with BCGCu or BaCe0.5Zr0.3Y0.2O3+1wt.%CuO (BCZYCu) proton conducting electrolytes in comparison with La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 (LSFC) and La0.75Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) composite cathodes. © The Electrochemical Society