Two Types of Resistance to the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Cabbage

Survival of larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) was reduced on several genotypes of cabbage from the breeding program at Geneva, N.Y. Polar fractions of ethanol extracts of partially resistant lines 2535 and 2503, when incorporated into diet, reduced survival of P. xylostella larvae by 14.9 and 19.0%, respectively. Whether this effect was due to reduced feeding or postingestive toxicity was not determined. Although survival on glossy-leafed line 2518 was very low in the field and larvae on this line failed to form visible feeding mines during the first 72 h after egg hatch, extracts from 2518 had no activity. Survival of larvae confined on leaf disks of 2518 in the laboratory was much greater (80% of controls) than it was on whole plants in the field (0.36% of controls). In the field, neonate P. xylostella dispersed two to three times more rapidly on the leaves of 2518 than on other lines. Resistance to P. xylostella in the lines investigated was therefore due to at least two mechanisms, (1) antibiosis or nonpreference due to extractable compounds present in normal bloom resistant cabbage genotypes, 2503 and 2535, and (2) possible nonpreference for glossy-leafed 2518 by neonate larvae, as suggested by the greater dispersal rates of neonates on these plants. Survival is relatively high on 2518 in leaf disk bioassays in the laboratory, suggesting that nonpreference in combination with environmental stresses to larvae in the field may produce P. xylostella resistance in the glossy 251

Research Plans for Improving Understanding of Effects of Very Low-Frequency Noise of Heavy Lift Rotorcraft

This report reviews the English-language technical literature on infrasonic and low-frequency noise effects; identifies the most salient effects of noise produced by a future large civil tiltrotor aircraft on crew, passengers, and communities near landing areas; and recommends research needed to improve understanding of the effects of such noise on passengers, crew, and residents of areas near landing pads

Tips for Designing Publications for Underrepresented Audiences

The article presents a number of practical tips on designing publications for underrepresented and non-traditional audiences. The process of designing an effective publication requires the incorporation of cultural preferences of the target audience. Incorporating design principles that consider culture in the areas of formatting written content and selecting images, graphics, and pictures that are representative of the target audience are important. Other tips, such as using local resources to ensure the product is a quality publication that incorporates language and images reflective of the intended audience, are also useful

Enhancement and suppression effects resulting from information structuring in sentences

Information structuring through the use of cleft sentences increases the processing efficiency of references to elements within the scope of focus. Furthermore, there is evidence that putting certain types of emphasis on individual words not only enhances their subsequent processing, but also protects these words from becoming suppressed in the wake of subsequent information, suggesting mechanisms of enhancement and suppression. In Experiment 1, we showed that clefted constructions facilitate the integration of subsequent sentences that make reference to elements within the scope of focus, and that they decrease the efficiency with reference to elements outside of the scope of focus. In Experiment 2, using an auditory text-change-detection paradigm, we showed that focus has similar effects on the strength of memory representations. These results add to the evidence for enhancement and suppression as mechanisms of sentence processing and clarify that the effects occur within sentences having a marked focus structure

Analysis of social, fiscal, and structural factors affecting integrated pest management programs in Missouri and implications for future programs to protect water quality

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has experienced a resurgence of interest due in part to continuing reports of drinking water contamination by agricultural pesticides. In response to the decertification of certain pesticides used for soil insect control on corn, in the early 1970s federal programs established Cooperative Extension Service sponsored IPM programs in several midwestern States to promote insect scouting on corn and cotton. This report documents the various factors which facilitated the growth and decline of these programs in Missouri and the ongoing transformation of such services into the private sector and other agencies. The objective of this report is to provide policy prescriptions to enhance the future adoption of IPM in Missouri and other areas that will facilitate the protection of water resources. Research in Missouri regarding pesticide use practices and water quality issues indicates that there is a considerably higher incidence of IPM use in counties that historically had, or still currently have, Extension sponsored programs. Interviews were conducted with University personnel responsible for implementing these programs, county Extension agents responsible for overseeing the programs, private sector businesspeople who are currently offering IPM services, and farm opeators who previously used, and/or now participate in, IPM Extension programs or private services. Interviewees were asked what factors contributed to the success, failure, and/or transformation of the county programs. Results indicate that these factors include quality and turnover of the scouts, committment of the Extension agent, economic and climatological variables, institutional support, and packaging IPM programs with other programs such as irrigation.Project # G-2029-04 Agreement # 14-08-0001-G-2029-0

Personality Change as a Validation of the Bereiter Differential-Change Scales

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67011/2/10.1177_001316446802800112.pd

Realization of an Asymmetric Non‐Aqueous Redox Flow Battery through Molecular Design to Minimize Active Species Crossover and Decomposition

This communication presents a mechanism‐based approach to identify organic electrolytes for non‐aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs). Symmetrical flow cell cycling of a pyridinium anolyte and a cyclopropenium catholyte resulted in extensive capacity fade due to competing decomposition of the pyridinium species. Characterization of this decomposition pathway enabled the rational design of next‐generation anolyte/catholyte pairs with dramatically enhanced cycling performance. Three factors were identified as critical for slowing capacity fade: (1) separating the anolyte–catholyte in an asymmetric flow cell using an anion exchange membrane (AEM); (2) moving from monomeric to oligomeric electrolytes to limit crossover through the AEM; and (3) removing the basic carbonyl moiety from the anolyte to slow the protonation‐induced decomposition pathway. Ultimately, these modifications led to a novel anolyte–catholyte pair that can be cycled in an AEM‐separated asymmetric RFB for 96 h with >95 % capacity retention at an open circuit voltage of 1.57 V.Applied molecular design! This study presents a mechanism‐based approach to the molecular design of electrolytes for implementation in an asymmetric non‐aqueous redox flow battery.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154972/1/chem202000749-sup-0001-misc_information.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154972/2/chem202000749.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154972/3/chem202000749_am.pd

Effects of climate and irrigation on GRACE-based estimates of water storage changes in major US aquifers

Understanding climate and human impacts on water storage is critical for sustainable water-resources management. Here we assessed climate and human drivers of total water storage (TWS) variability from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites compared with drought severity and irrigation water use in 14 major aquifers in the United States. Results show that long-term variability in TWS tracked by GRACE satellites is dominated by interannual variability in most of the 14 major US aquifers. Low TWS trends in the humid eastern U.S. are linked to low drought intensity. Although irrigation pumpage in the humid Mississippi Embayment aquifer exceeded that in the semi-arid California Central Valley, a surprising lack of TWS depletion in the Mississippi Embayment aquifer is attributed to extensive streamflow capture. Marked storage depletion in the semi-arid southwestern Central Valley and south-central High Plains totaled ∼90 km ^3 , about three times greater than the capacity of Lake Mead, the largest U.S. reservoir. Depletion in the Central Valley was driven by long-term droughts (⩽5 yr) amplified by switching from mostly surface water to groundwater irrigation. Low or slightly rising TWS trends in the northwestern (Columbia and Snake Basins) US are attributed to dampening drought impacts by mostly surface water irrigation. GRACE satellite data highlight synergies between climate and irrigation, resulting in little impact on TWS in the humid east, amplified TWS depletion in the semi-arid southwest and southcentral US, and dampened TWS deletion in the northwest and north central US Sustainable groundwater management benefits from conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, inefficient surface water irrigation promoting groundwater recharge, efficient groundwater irrigation minimizing depletion, and increasing managed aquifer recharge. This study has important implications for sustainable water development in many regions globally