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Jovian protons and electrons: Pioneer 11

A preliminary account of the Pioneer 11 passage through the Jovian magnetosphere as viewed by particle detector systems is presented. Emphasis is placed on the region well within the Jovian magnetosphere using data from the LET-II telescope, which measured the proton flux from 0.2 to 21.2 MeV in seven energy intervals and electrons from 0.1 to 2 MeV in four energy intervals. The relative trajectories of Pioneer 10 and 11 are discussed and indicate that Pioneer 11 was exposed to a much lower total radiation dose than Pioneer 10, largely as a result of the retrograde trajectory which approached and exited the inner region of the magnetosphere at high latitudes. Angular distributions, calculations from Pioneer 11 magnetic field data, and the low-energy nucleon component are included in the discussion

Signatures of four-particle correlations associated with exciton-carrier interactions in coherent spectroscopy on bulk GaAs

Transient four-wave mixing studies of bulk GaAs under conditions of broad bandwidth excitation of primarily interband transitions have enabled four-particle correlations tied to degenerate (exciton-exciton) and nondegenerate (exciton-carrier) interactions to be studied. Real two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy (2DFTS) spectra reveal a complex response at the heavy-hole exciton emission energy that varies with the absorption energy, ranging from dispersive on the diagonal, through absorptive for low-energy interband transitions to dispersive with the opposite sign for interband transitions high above band gap. Simulations using a multilevel model augmented by many-body effects provide excellent agreement with the 2DFTS experiments and indicate that excitation-induced dephasing (EID) and excitation-induced shift (EIS) affect degenerate and nondegenerate interactions equivalently, with stronger exciton-carrier coupling relative to exciton-exciton coupling by approximately an order of magnitude. These simulations also indicate that EID effects are three times stronger than EIS in contributing to the coherent response of the semiconductor

Herwig++ 2.0 Release Note

A new release of the Monte Carlo program Herwig++ (version 2.0) is now available. This is the first version of the program which can be used for hadron-hadron physics and includes the full simulation of both initial- and final-state QCD radiation.Comment: Source code and additional information available at http://hepforge.cedar.ac.uk/herwig

Large periodic time variations of termination shock particles between ~0.5-20 mev and 6-14 mev electrons measured by the crs experiment on Voyager 2 as it crossed into the heliosheath in 2007: An example of freshly accelerated cosmic rays?

We have examined features in the structure of the heliosheath using the fine scale time variations of termination shock particles (TSP) between ~0.5 - 20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV measured by the CRS instrument as the V2 spacecraft crossed the heliospheric termination shock in 2007. The very disturbed heliosheath at V2 is particularly noteworthy for strong periodic intensity variations of the TSP just after V2 crossed the termination shock (2007.66) reaching a maximum between 2007.75 and 2008.0. A series of 42/21 day periodicities was observed at V2 along with spectral changes of low energy TSP and the acceleration of 6-14 MeV electrons. Evidence is presented for the acceleration of TSP and electrons at the times of the 42/21 day periodicities just after V2 crossed the HTS. Spectra for TSP between 2-20 MeV and electrons between 2.5-14 MeV are derived for three time periods including the time of the HTS crossing. The energy spectra of TSP and electrons at these times of intensity peaks are very similar above ~3 MeV, with exponents of a power law spectrum between -3.0 and -3.6. The ratio of TSP intensities to electron intensities at the same energy is ~500. The electron intensity peaks and minima are generally out of phase with those of nuclei by ~1/2 of a 42 day cycle. These charge dependent intensity differences and the large periodic intensity changes could provide new clues as to a possible acceleration mechanism

Analytic Invariant Charge in QCD

This paper gives an overview of recently developed model for the QCD analytic invariant charge. Its underlying idea is to bring the analyticity condition, which follows from the general principles of local Quantum Field Theory, in perturbative approach to renormalization group (RG) method. The concrete realization of the latter consists in explicit imposition of analyticity requirement on the perturbative expansion of $\beta$ function for the strong running coupling, with subsequent solution of the corresponding RG equation. In turn, this allows one to avoid the known difficulties originated in perturbative approximation of the RG functions. Ultimately, the proposed approach results in qualitatively new properties of the QCD invariant charge. The latter enables one to describe a wide range of the strong interaction processes both of perturbative and intrinsically nonperturbative nature.Comment: Invited review article; 46 pages, 14 EPS figure

Pair distribution function and structure factor of spherical particles

The availability of neutron spallation-source instruments that provide total scattering powder diffraction has led to an increased application of real-space structure analysis using the pair distribution function. Currently, the analytical treatment of finite size effects within pair distribution refinement procedures is limited. To that end, an envelope function is derived which transforms the pair distribution function of an infinite solid into that of a spherical particle with the same crystal structure. Distributions of particle sizes are then considered, and the associated envelope function is used to predict the particle size distribution of an experimental sample of gold nanoparticles from its pair distribution function alone. Finally, complementing the wealth of existing diffraction analysis, the peak broadening for the structure factor of spherical particles, expressed as a convolution derived from the envelope functions, is calculated exactly for all particle size distributions considered, and peak maxima, offsets, and asymmetries are discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Reformversuche und Reformblockaden im deutschen Gesundheitswesen

Über Jahrzehnte hinweg lassen sich politische Reformversuche wechselnder Intensität im Gesundheitssystem nachweisen. Der Erfolg blieb ihnen allerdings oftmals versagt. Die Autoren gehen in ihrer empirischen Analyse den Anlässen für Steuerungsversuche in verschiedenen Teilbereichen des Gesundheitssystems nach. Erkenntnisleitend ist die Frage, aufgrund welcher Akteurkonstellationen und institutioneller Mechanismen Reformvorhaben oder auch Einzelmaßnahmen durchgesetzt werden konnten bzw. blockiert worden sind. Die vier Fallstudien konzentrieren sich exemplarisch auf Reformversuche in folgenden Bereichen: - Verzahnung von ambulanter und stationärer Versorgung; - Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst; - Vertrauensärztlicher Dienst; - Kassenärztlicher Dienst. Als Ergebnis resümiert die empirische Analyse der vier Einzelfälle eine erhebliche Reformresistenz des deutschen Gesundheitssystems.Abkürzungen Vorbemerkung Kapitel 1 Einleitung 1 Die günstige Stellung der deutschen Ärzte im internationalen Vergleich 2 Historische Entwicklungsschritte bis zum Jahr 1955, die zur Verbesserung der Position der niedergelassenen Ärzte beigetragen haben 3 Fragestellungen 4 Strukturelle Reformversuche im ambulanten Sektor Kapitel 2 Die Verzahnung von ambulanter und stationärer Versorgung 1 Die Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen ambulantem und stationärem Sektor bis zum Ende der 50er Jahre 2 Erste Vorschläge zur Einführung einer prästationären Diagnostik und poststationären Therapie in den 60er Jahren 3 Die Diskussion um die Einführung prästationärer Diagnostik und poststationärer Therapie in den 70er Jahren 4 Regelungsversuche zu vor- und nachstationärer Behandlung in den 80er Jahren 5 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 3 Die Auseinandersetzungen um die Kompetenzen des öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes 1 Die politische Entscheidung für einen öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst 2 Der öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst zwischen Restauration und Reform in den 40er und 50er Jahren 3 Die schwache Stellung des öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes in der sozialpolitischen Reformgesetzgebung der 60er Jahre 4 Versuche einer Neuorientierung des öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes in den 70er und 80er Jahren 5 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 4 Reformen und verhinderte Reformen des Vertrauensärztlichen Dienstes 1 Einleitung 2 Die Vertrauensärzte und der Vertrauensärztliche Dienst (VÄD) in der Zeit bis 1945 3 Erster Reformversuch: Das Scheitern des "Beratungsärztlichen Dienstes" zwischen 1959 und 1961 4 Zweiter Reformversuch: Das Scheitern einer "Mini-Reform" des VÄD zwischen 1962 und 1965 5 Dritter Reformversuch: Die Reform des VÄD im Zusammenhang mit der Einführung der Lohnfortzahlung für Arbeiter von 1968 bis 1969 6 Grenzen der politischen Steuerung? Anspruch und Wirklichkeit bei der Umsetzung der VÄD-Reform 1969 7 Vierter Reformversuch: Das Scheitern des gemeinsamen Sozialärztlichen Dienstes (SÄD) zwischen 1970 und 1979 Kapitel 6 Schlußfolgerungen 1 Einleitung 2 Erklärungsansätze 4 Koalitionsregierungen 5 Föderalismus 6 Selbstverwaltung 7 'Eigene Kraft' der Kassenärzte-Lobby? 8 Immobilismus, Krisenanfälligkeit und Krisenbewältigungsfähigkeit Primärquellen und Sekundärliteratur 1 Interviews 2 Drucksachen, Protokolle und Berichte 3 Archive 4 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften 5 Informationsdienste 6 Sekundärliteratu

QCD

We discuss QCD studies that will be possible at LEP2. We examine both experimental and theoretical aspects of jets, fragmentation functions, multiplicities and particle spectra.Comment: 44 pages, Latex, epsfig, 18 figures, to appear on the Report of the Workshop on Physics at LEP2, CERN 96-01, vol. 1, 199

Better Jet Clustering Algorithms

We investigate modifications to the $k_\perp$-clustering jet algorithm which preserve the advantages of the original Durham algorithm while reducing non-perturbative corrections and providing better resolution of jet substructure. We find that a simple change in the sequence of clustering (combining smaller-angle pairs first), together with the `freezing' of soft resolved jets, has beneficial effects.Comment: 32 pages, 16 figures, LaTeX2e, uses JHEP.cls (included). Version to be published in JHEP: reference to LUCLUS algorithm added. Program available at http://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/theory/webber/camjet