Critical Temperature for the Nuclear Liquid-Gas Phase Transition

The charge distribution of the intermediate mass fragments produced in p (8.1 GeV) + Au collisions is analyzed in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model with the critical temperature for the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition $T_c$ as a free parameter. It is found that $T_c=20\pm3$ MeV (90% CL).Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, published in Phys. Rev.

Breakup Density in Spectator Fragmentation

Proton-proton correlations and correlations of protons, deuterons and tritons with alpha particles from spectator decays following 197Au + 197Au collisions at 1000 MeV per nucleon have been measured with two highly efficient detector hodoscopes. The constructed correlation functions, interpreted within the approximation of a simultaneous volume decay, indicate a moderate expansion and low breakup densities, similar to assumptions made in statistical multifragmentation models. PACS numbers: 25.70.Pq, 21.65.+f, 25.70.Mn, 25.75.GzComment: 11 pages, LaTeX with 3 included figures; Also available from http://www-kp3.gsi.de/www/kp3/aladin_publications.htm

Statistical Multifragmentation of Non-Spherical Expanding Sources in Central Heavy-Ion Collisions

We study the anisotropy effects measured with INDRA at GSI in central collisions of Xe+Sn at 50 A.MeV and Au+Au at 60, 80, 100 A.MeV incident energy. The microcanonical multifragmentation model with non-spherical sources is used to simulate an incomplete shape relaxation of the multifragmenting system. This model is employed to interpret observed anisotropic distributions in the fragment size and mean kinetic energy. The data can be well reproduced if an expanding prolate source aligned along the beam direction is assumed. An either non-Hubblean or non-isotropic radial expansion is required to describe the fragment kinetic energies and their anisotropy. The qualitative similarity of the results for the studied reactions suggests that the concept of a longitudinally elongated freeze-out configuration is generally applicable for central collisions of heavy systems. The deformation decreases slightly with increasing beam energy.Comment: 35 pages, 19 figures, submitted to Nuclear Physics

Морфофункциональная характеристика отека-набухания коры головного мозга белых крыс после тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы без и на фоне применения L-лизина эсцината

Aim of study The study is devoted to a morphometric assessment of the manifestations of edema-swelling of the somatosensory cortex (SSC) of the brain of white rats after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) without using L-lysine escinate and when using it as a therapeutic effect.Material and methods We stained sections with hematoxylin-eosin and performed morphometric methods. On thin (4 μm) serial frontal sections of SSC, neurons and microvessels in the control (intact animals, n=5) were examined in 1 (n= 5), 3 (n=5), 5 (n=5), 7 (n=5) and 14 (n=5) days after injury without treatment (n=25, comparison group) and with treatment (n=25, main group). In color raster images (lens x100), using the plug-in filter “Find Maxima”, maximum brightness areas (MBA) were determined , which were then analyzed using the “Analyze Particles” program from ImageJ 1.52 s. MBA corresponded to SSC sites with a high degree of hydration of nerve tissue - edema-swelling. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric criteria.Results and discussion In control animals, a low degree of hydration of SSC tissue was noted (relative area 3-8%). In the comparison group, 1 and 3 days after STBI, foci of edema-swelling covered up to 30% of SSC, in 5 days - up to 15%, in 7 days - up to 20%, in 15 - up to 18%. Significant heteromorphism and heterogeneity of changes in the neuropil around neurons and blood vessels was noted. In the dynamics of the post-traumatic period, the proportion of large foci of edema-swelling (intra- and perineuronal, perivascular) decreased. In the main group, one day after STBI, there was a statistically significantly smaller number of foci of edema-swelling and their total relative area. The values range of these variables significantly decreased. L-lysine escinat affected the water balance most effectively in the acute post-traumatic period (day 1 and 3). The drug “smoothed out” the manifestation peaks (number, focal area) of edema-swelling: the values of the studied morphometric indicators were statistically significantly different. Consequently, morphometric signs of hydropic dystrophy after STBI were detected in both studied groups during the 15 days of observation.Conclusion The degree of SSC nervous tissue hydration increased after STBI. L-lysine escinate statistically significantly reduced manifestations of hydropic dystrophy. The drug significantly affected the degree of hydration of neural tissue observed in the early post-traumatic period.Цель Исследование посвящено морфометрической оценке проявлений отека-набухания соматосенсорной коры (ССК) головного мозга белых крыс после тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы (ТЧМТ) на фоне использования в качестве лечебного воздействия L-лизина эсцината.Методы исследования Использована окраска срезов гематоксилином-иозином и методы морфометрии. На тонких (4 мкм) серийных фронтальных срезах ССК изучены нейроны и микрососуды в контроле (интактные животные, n=5), через 1 (n=5), 3 (n=5), 5 (n=5), 7 (n=5) и 14 (n=5) суток после травмы без лечения (n=25, группа сравнения) и с лечением (n=25, основная группа). На цветных растровых изображениях (объектив х100) с помощью плагин-фильтра “Find Maxima” определяли зоны максимальной яркости, которые затем анализировали с помощью “Analyze Particles” из программы ImageJ 1.52s. Зоны соответствовали участкам ССК с высокой степенью гидратации нервной ткани - отек-набухание. Статистические гипотезы проверяли с помощью непараметрических критериев.Результаты и обсуждение У контрольных животных отмечена низкая степень гидратации нервной ткани ССК (относительная площадь 3−8%). В группе сравнения через 1 и 3 суток после ТЧМТ очаги отека-набухания охватывали до 30% ССК, через 5 суток - до 15%, через 7 суток - до 20%, через 15 - до 18%. Отмечалась значительная гетероморфность и гетерогенность изменений в нейропиле, вокруг нейронов и сосудов. В динамике посттравматического периода доля крупных очагов отека-набухания (интра- и перинейрональных, периваскулярных) снижалась. В основной группе через одни сутки после ТЧМТ было статистически значимо меньшее количество очагов отека-набухания и их общая относительная площадь была меньше, чем в группе сравнения. Значительно уменьшался разброс значений данных переменных. Наиболее эффективно L-лизина эсцинат действовал на водный баланс в остром посттравматическом периоде (1-е и 3-и сутки). Препарат «сглаживал»  пики проявлений (количество, площадь очагов) отека-набухания: значения изученных морфометрических показателей статистически значимо отличались. Следовательно, морфометрическиепризнаки гидропической дистрофии после ТЧМТ выявлялись в обеих изученных группах на протяжении 15 суток наблюдения.Заключение После ТЧМТ увеличивалась степень гидратации нервной ткани ССК. L-лизин эсцинат статистически значимо уменьшал проявления гидропической дистрофии. Особенно выраженное влияние препарата на степень гидратации нервной ткани отмечено в раннем посттравматическом периоде

Морфофункциональная характеристика гиппокампа белых крыс в остром периоде после тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы на фоне применения L-лизина эсцината

Aim of study. The study is devoted to the effect of L-lysine aescinat on the nervous tissue of the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus of the brain of white rats in the acute period after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Material and methods. TBI was simulated by applying a blow to the parieto-occipital region with a freely falling weight weighing 200-250 grams from a height of 50 cm using a special rail rack. The objectives of the study were: 1) comparative morphometric assessment of the degree of hydration, cyto- and glioarchitectonics of different layers of CA1 and CA3 fields after ischemia without treatment; 2) the effect of L-lysine aescinat on these indicators. We used histological (staining of sections with hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl), immunohistochemical (for NSE, MAP-2 and GFAP) and morphometric methods. On thin (4 μm) serial frontal sections of the hippocampus, neurons, astrocytes, microvessels and neuropiles were studied in control (intact animals, n=5) and 1 and 3 days after injury without treatment (n=10, comparison group) and with treatment ( n = 10, main group). The number density of neurons was determined using the Nissl staining of cells and by the reaction to NSE. The cytoskeleton of neurons was studied by detecting MAP-2, and astroglia by GFAP. On color raster images (staining with hematoxylin and eosin, x100) using the Find Maxima plug-in filter, the zones of maximum brightness were determined, which were then analyzed using Analyze Particles from the ImageJ 1.52s program. Zones of maximum brightness corresponded to areas of the hippocampus with a high degree of hydration of the nervous tissue - edema-swelling. The nature of the distribution, statistical hypotheses, and plotting were checked using Statistica 8.0 software and R environment.Results. In control animals, normochromic neurons without signs of changes in the cytoskeleton prevailed in all layers of fields CA1 and CA3, and a low degree of hydration of the nervous tissue was noted (the relative proportion of zones of maximum brightness was 5–8%). One and 3 days after TBI, there was a statistically significant increase in the focal content of dystrophic and necrobiotically altered neurons (95% confidence interval: 52–78%), manifestations of reactive gliosis were noted, and the proportion of zones of maximum brightness increased to 16%. Statistically significant layer-by-layer differences were revealed between the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. The use of L-lysine aescinat had a statistically significant effect on the morphometric parameters of the nervous tissue of the hippocampus.Conclusion. In the early post-traumatic period after TBI, the degree of hydration of the nervous tissue of the hippocampus increased. Heteromorphicity of dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in different layers of CA1 and CA3 fields was noted. L-lysine aescinate had a statistically significant positive effect on these changes. To a greater extent, this is typical for the CA3 field. The revealed changes are considered not only as patho-, but also as sanogenetic structural mechanisms of protection and reorganization of the hippocampus in the acute post-traumatic period.1. In the acute period (1−3 days) after severe traumatic brain injury, the degree of hydration of all components of the hippocampal nervous tissue increased. In the group without treatment, 3 days after injury, the relative volume of edema-swelling zones varied from 10 to 13% in CA1 (control 3-7%) and from 8 to 16% in CA3 (control 5–10%).2. The heteromorphism of hydropic changes in the molecular layer, the layer of pyramidal neurons and the polymorphic layer was established. The maximum increase in the volume of free water (more than twofold) was characteristic of the molecular and polymorphic layer CA1, as well as the polymorphic layer CA3.3. The use of L-lysine aescinat in the acute period significantly changed the manifestations of hydropic dystrophy. One day after injury, the volume of free water increased in comparison with animals without treatment, and then, after 3 days, decreased, but remained higher than in the comparison group. The maximum effect of the drug was noted in field CA3.Цель исследования. Исследование посвящено изучению влияния L-лизина эсцината на нервную ткань полей СА1 и СА3 гиппокампа головного мозга белых крыс (Wistar) в остром периоде после тяжелой черепно- мозговой травмы (ТЧМТ).Материал и методы. ТЧМТ моделировали нанесением на теменно-затылочную область удара свободно падающим грузом массой 200−250 г с высоты 50 см с помощью специальной рельсовой стойки. Задачами исследования были: 1) сравнительная морфометрическая оценка степени гидратации, цито- и глиоархитектоники различных слоев полей СА1 и СА3 после ТЧМТ без лечения; 2) влияние на эти показатели L-лизина эсцината. Использованы гистологические (окраска срезов гематоксилином- эозином и по Нисслю), иммуногистохимические (на NSE, MAP-2 и GFAP) и морфометрические методы. На тонких (4 мкм) серийных фронтальных срезах гиппокампа изучены нейроны, астроциты, микрососуды и нейропиль в контроле (интактные животные, n=5) и через 1 и 3 суток после травмы без лечения (n=10, группа сравнения) и с лечением (n=10, основная группа). Численную плотность нейронов определяли с помощью окраски клеток по Нисслю и реакции на NSE. Цитоскелет нейронов изучали с помощью реакции на МАР-2, а астроглии — GFAP. На цветных растровых изображениях (окраска гематоксилином и эозином, объектив х100) с помощью плагин-фильтра “Find Maxima” определяли зоны максимальной яркости (ЗМЯ), которые затем анализировали с помощью “Analyze Particles” из программы ImageJ 1.52s. ЗМЯ соответствовали участкам гиппокампа с высокой степенью гидратации нервной ткани — отек-набухание. Характер распределения, статистические гипотезы, построение графиков проверяли с помощью программ Statistica 8.0 и среды R.Результаты. У контрольных животных во всех слоях полей СА1 и СА3 превалировали нормохромные нейроны без признаков изменения цитоскелета, отмечена низкая степень гидратации нервной ткани (относительная доля ЗМЯ 5−8%). Через 1 и 3 суток после ТЧМТ статистически значимо увеличивалось очаговое содержание дистрофически и некробиотически измененных нейронов (95% доверительный интервал: 52−78%), отмечались проявления реактивного глиоза, а доля ЗМЯ увеличивалась до 16%. Выявлены статистически значимые послойные различия между полями СА1 и СА3 гиппокампа. Применение L-лизина эсцината оказывало статистически значимое влияние на морфометрические показатели нервной ткани гиппокампа.Заключение. В раннем периоде после ТЧМТ увеличивалась степень гидратации нервной ткани гиппокампа. Отмечена гетероморфность дистрофических и некробиотических изменений в разных слоях полей СА1 и СА3. L-лизин эсцинат статистически значимо влиял на эти изменения. В большей степени это характерно для поля СА3. Выявленные изменения рассматриваются не только как пато-, но и как саногенетические структурные механизмы защиты и реорганизации гиппокампа в посттравматическом периоде.Выводы.1. В остром периоде (1−3 суток) после тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы увеличивалась степень гидратации всех компонентов нервной ткани гиппокампа. В группе без лечения через 3 суток после травмы относительный объем зон отека-набухания варьировался от 10 до 13% в СА1 (контроль 3−7%) и от 8 до 16% — в СА3 (контроль 5−10%).2. Установлена гетероморфность гидропических изменений в молекулярном слое, слое пирамидных нейронов и полиморфном слое. Максимальное увеличение объема свободной воды (более чем в 2 раза) было характерно для молекулярного и полиморфного слоя СА1, а также полиморфного слоя СА3.3. Применение в остром периоде L-лизина эсцината способствовало статистически значимому изменению проявлений гидропической дистрофии. Через 1 сутки после травмы объем свободной воды увеличивался в сравнении с животными без лечения, а затем, спустя 3 суток, уменьшался, но оставался выше, чем в группе сравнения. Максимальное влияние препарата отмечено в поле СА3

Experimental investigation of propagation of radio waves of VHF and microwave range inside buildings

The paper presents the data and analysis of full-scale measurements of the levels of relative attenuation of radio waves of VHF and microwave range in various premises of a multistory building depending on their location with respect to the room with the transmitting antenna. For the microwave range of radio waves the paper presents data of laboratory measurements of coefficients of wave penetration through bricks, asbestos cement slabs, and wooden boards

Clutter and malfunction at the impact of powerful nanosecond pulses on transceivers of cellular and mobile communication systems

The paper presents the results of experiments concerning the impact of nonlinear clutter of powerful nanosecond pulses on radiotelephones, causing them to malfunction, and on nearby communication transceivers, for the deliberate distortion of signals radiated into space and for forced switching of the transmitter’s generators to a mismatched load with subsequently causes them to go out of service because of overheating. Some unique features of this type of clutter are discussed, as well as advantages of radio suppression of telecommunication systems with the aid of such interference

Morphofunctional Characteristic of Edema-Swelling of the Cerebral Cortex of White Rats After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Without the Use of L-Lysine Escinate and Against the Background of Its Use

Aim of study The study is devoted to a morphometric assessment of the manifestations of edema-swelling of the somatosensory cortex (SSC) of the brain of white rats after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) without using L-lysine escinate and when using it as a therapeutic effect.Material and methods We stained sections with hematoxylin-eosin and performed morphometric methods. On thin (4 μm) serial frontal sections of SSC, neurons and microvessels in the control (intact animals, n=5) were examined in 1 (n= 5), 3 (n=5), 5 (n=5), 7 (n=5) and 14 (n=5) days after injury without treatment (n=25, comparison group) and with treatment (n=25, main group). In color raster images (lens x100), using the plug-in filter “Find Maxima”, maximum brightness areas (MBA) were determined , which were then analyzed using the “Analyze Particles” program from ImageJ 1.52 s. MBA corresponded to SSC sites with a high degree of hydration of nerve tissue - edema-swelling. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric criteria.Results and discussion In control animals, a low degree of hydration of SSC tissue was noted (relative area 3-8%). In the comparison group, 1 and 3 days after STBI, foci of edema-swelling covered up to 30% of SSC, in 5 days - up to 15%, in 7 days - up to 20%, in 15 - up to 18%. Significant heteromorphism and heterogeneity of changes in the neuropil around neurons and blood vessels was noted. In the dynamics of the post-traumatic period, the proportion of large foci of edema-swelling (intra- and perineuronal, perivascular) decreased. In the main group, one day after STBI, there was a statistically significantly smaller number of foci of edema-swelling and their total relative area. The values range of these variables significantly decreased. L-lysine escinat affected the water balance most effectively in the acute post-traumatic period (day 1 and 3). The drug “smoothed out” the manifestation peaks (number, focal area) of edema-swelling: the values of the studied morphometric indicators were statistically significantly different. Consequently, morphometric signs of hydropic dystrophy after STBI were detected in both studied groups during the 15 days of observation.Conclusion The degree of SSC nervous tissue hydration increased after STBI. L-lysine escinate statistically significantly reduced manifestations of hydropic dystrophy. The drug significantly affected the degree of hydration of neural tissue observed in the early post-traumatic period