Agricultural Information Use as Determinant of Farm Income of Women in Benue State, Nigeria

Agricultural information when provided and utilized improves practices, farm income, living conditions and agricultural development. In spite of the current agricultural extension services, income level of farm women is commonly described as low. This study adopted survey design, using multistage sampling technique and questionnaire to gather information from 500 women in Benue state. The study found out that agricultural extension agent, farmers’ union, and Agricultural Institutions, government projects, mobile phones and other farmers were major information sources consulted. On the overall, rural women’s use of agricultural information was slightly above average with information on market location and farm implements mostly used. Further, majority of rural women made considerably low farm income. Use of agricultural information had effect on rural women’s farm income. The study recommends provision of more productivity related information and need for Nigerian rural development strategies to reflect creation of enabling environment for farm income generation among women. Keywords: Rural women, Agricultural Research Information utilization, Farm income, Benue state, Information

Gerakan Politik Tirto Adhi Soerjo

Tirto Adhi Soerjo also known as the pioneer leaders of national movement that is very smart, especially in the development of Indonesian nationalism. Tirto Adhi Soerjo think that the nation Indies united not by a common religion, ethnicity or blood ties, however, by their common experience as “the terperintah” --- colonization can exist as feudalism and control of economic resources by the Dutch company then because of the weak control of the gentry. Accordingly, the author uses qualitative research methods to approach social phenomena --- so that it appears clearly how complaints and suffering experienced by the people of the nation are voiced through Medan Prijaji also as a tool to promote and unite the nation in the travel process can produce results. Tirto Adhi Soerjo effort to raise awareness of his people through a more modern tool that can be seen as an awareness to the rise of liberation movements. Because the newspapers, is the idea of nationalism was first written and read and be forming early awareness of nationalism goes beyond differences of religion, ethnicity, and organization

The rising cost of hospital care for children with gastroparesis: 2004-2013.

BackgroundThe cost of hospital care for adults with gastroparesis (GP) is increasing. Our objective was to evaluate the cost of hospital care for children with GP.MethodsUsing the Pediatric Health Information System, we selected hospitalizations with a diagnosis of GP (ICD-9 536.3), dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach (DYS, 536.8) and unspecified functional disorder of stomach (UFD, 536.9) from 2004 to 2013. We recorded dates of hospitalization, demographics, costs, and length of stay (LOS).Key resultsFrom 2004 to 2013, 4015 patients were admitted for GP (54.2% female, median age 8 years). Total cost of hospitalization for GP increased 5.8 fold from $6 185 390 to$35 654 075 (p = 0.0001). Cost per hospitalization did not change. Cost of initial hospitalization was highest in patients 0-5 years and lowest in patients 16-21 years (p < 0.0001). Number of hospitalizations each year for GP increased from 252 to 1310 (p < 0.0001) and unique patients hospitalized increased from 174 to 723 (p < 0.0001). Number of hospitalizations and unique patients for DYS/UFD also increased (p < 0.0001). LOS for GP did not change with time. Females and younger GP patients had more repeat hospitalizations (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001).Conclusions & inferencesThe financial burden of hospitalization for pediatric GP has increased dramatically from 2004 to 2013, driven by a rise in number of hospitalizations and unique patients hospitalized each year. Cost and LOS per hospitalization remain stable. Unlike in adults, hospitalizations for DYS/UFD have also increased, suggesting that the increase in hospitalizations for GP is not secondary to changing diagnostic practices

Urban foxes are bolder but not more innovative than their rural conspecifics

Urbanization is the fastest form of landscape transformation on the planet, but researchers' understanding of the relationships between urbanization and animal behaviour is still in its infancy. In terms of foraging, bold and innovative behaviours are proposed to help urban animals access, utilize and exploit novel anthropogenic food sources. Red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, are one of the most widespread carnivores on the planet. However, despite frequent stories, images and videos portraying them as ‘pests’ in urban areas due to their exploitation of food-related objects (e.g. raiding the contents of outdoor bins), it is unknown whether they are bolder and more innovative in terms of their likelihood of exploiting these resources compared to rural populations. In the current study, we gave novel food-related objects to foxes from 104 locations (one object per location) across a large urban-rural gradient. To access the food, foxes had to use behaviours necessary for exploiting many food-related objects in the real world (e.g. biting, pushing, pulling or lifting human-made materials). Despite foxes from 96 locations acknowledging the objects, foxes from 31 locations touched them, while foxes from 12 locations gained access to the food inside. A principal component analysis of urban and other landscape variables (e.g. road, greenspace and human population density) revealed that urbanization was significantly and positively related to the likelihood of foxes touching, but not exploiting, the objects. Thus, while urban foxes may be bolder than rural populations in terms of their willingness to physically touch novel food-related objects, our findings are inconsistent with the notion that they are more innovative and pose a general nuisance to people by regularly exploiting these anthropogenic resources on a large geographical scale

Postoperative outcomes in oesophagectomy with trainee involvement

BACKGROUND: The complexity of oesophageal surgery and the significant risk of morbidity necessitates that oesophagectomy is predominantly performed by a consultant surgeon, or a senior trainee under their supervision. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of trainee involvement in oesophagectomy on postoperative outcomes in an international multicentre setting. METHODS: Data from the multicentre Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group (OGAA) cohort study were analysed, which comprised prospectively collected data from patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April 2018 and December 2018. Procedures were grouped by the level of trainee involvement, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare patient outcomes across groups. RESULTS: Of 2232 oesophagectomies from 137 centres in 41 countries, trainees were involved in 29.1 per cent of them (n = 650), performing only the abdominal phase in 230, only the chest and/or neck phases in 130, and all phases in 315 procedures. For procedures with a chest anastomosis, those with trainee involvement had similar 90-day mortality, complication and reoperation rates to consultant-performed oesophagectomies (P = 0.451, P = 0.318, and P = 0.382, respectively), while anastomotic leak rates were significantly lower in the trainee groups (P = 0.030). Procedures with a neck anastomosis had equivalent complication, anastomotic leak, and reoperation rates (P = 0.150, P = 0.430, and P = 0.632, respectively) in trainee-involved versus consultant-performed oesophagectomies, with significantly lower 90-day mortality in the trainee groups (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Trainee involvement was not found to be associated with significantly inferior postoperative outcomes for selected patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The results support continued supervised trainee involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery

fisheries and tourism social economic and ecological trade offs in coral reef systems

Coastal communities are exerting increasingly more pressure on coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. Balancing trade-offs between local economic demands, preservation of traditional values, and maintenance of both biodiversity and ecosystem resilience is a challenge for reef managers and resource users. Consistently, growing reef tourism sectors offer more lucrative livelihoods than subsistence and artisanal fisheries at the cost of traditional heritage loss and ecological damage. Using a systematic review of coral reef fishery reconstructions since the 1940s, we show that declining trends in fisheries catch and fish stocks dominate coral reef fisheries globally, due in part to overfishing of schooling and spawning-aggregating fish stocks vulnerable to exploitation. Using a separate systematic review of coral reef tourism studies since 2013, we identify socio-ecological impacts and economic opportunities associated to the industry. Fisheries and tourism have the potential to threaten the ecological stability of coral reefs, resulting in phase shifts toward less productive coral-depleted ecosystem states. We consider whether four common management strategies (unmanaged commons, ecosystem-based management, co-management, and adaptive co-management) fulfil ecological conservation and socioeconomic goals, such as living wage, job security, and maintenance of cultural traditions. Strategies to enforce resource exclusion and withhold traditional resource rights risk social unrest; thus, the coexistence of fisheries and tourism industries is essential. The purpose of this chapter is to assist managers and scientists in their responsibility to devise implementable strategies that protect local community livelihoods and the coral reefs on which they rely