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Localized shear generates three-dimensional transport
Understanding the mechanisms that control three-dimensional (3D) fluid
transport is central to many processes including mixing, chemical reaction and
biological activity. Here a novel mechanism for 3D transport is uncovered where
fluid particles are kicked between streamlines near a localized shear, which
occurs in many flows and materials. This results in 3D transport similar to
Resonance Induced Dispersion (RID); however, this new mechanism is more rapid
and mutually incompatible with RID. We explore its governing impact with both
an abstract 2-action flow and a model fluid flow. We show that transitions from
one-dimensional (1D) to two-dimensional (2D) and 2D to 3D transport occur based
on the relative magnitudes of streamline jumps in two transverse directions.Comment: Copyright 2017 AIP Publishing. This article may be downloaded for
personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and
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Mixing Mock-up Study of the Sodium Chemical Technology Facility Sodium Reservoir.
Natural History of the Porcine Bioprosthetic Heart Valve
The porcine bioprosthesis has been the prosthetic valve of choice at Henry Ford Hospital since October 1971. By 1979, 23 cases of degeneration had been seen, and the rate seven years after implantation was 16%. Now, with a ten-year follow-up, there are 41 degenerated valves. After seven years, the percent free of degeneration is 88%, (SE of 2% [standard error]); at eight years, 82% (SE of 2.9%,); at nine years, 80% (SE of 3.4%); and at ten years, the percent free of degeneration is 69% (SE of 6.5%,). There was no difference in degeneration between men and women, between aortic or mitral position, or between the valves which were or were not rinsed in antibiotics. The incidence of degeneration was significantly greater in patients under 35 years of age. Contrary to our expectations, the number of valves removed for degeneration has not increased linearly, although the number at risk has continued to rise. In 1977, we removed four valves for degeneration; in 1978, eight valves; in 1979, 77 valves; in 1980, five valves; and in 1981, ten valves. The duration of implantation for degenerated valves has increased from 56 months (SD [standard deviation] of 11 months) in 1977-78 to 77 months (SD of 19 months) in 1981. Analysis of cohorts from 1972,1973, 1974, all now followed for seven years, reveals that at seven years the percent free of degeneration for 1972 is 88% (SE of 4.4%,); for 1973, 83% (SE of 4.8%); and for 1974, 95% (SE of 2.6%). Although a difference is suggested, it is not yet statistically significant (p = .48) due to the small number of valves degenerating. The incidence of porcine bioprosthetic degeneration appears to be decreasing, possibly because valves manufactured later in the series are more durable
Using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) to diagnose steroid-responsive disease and guide asthma management in routine care
Acknowledgements We thank Robin Taylor for his informative thinking and publications on FeNO, which have helped to influence and direct the thinking of the authors. Funding Extraction of the real-life dataset was funded by Research in Real Life Limited, the analysis of the dataset and the writing of this manuscript were co-funded (50:50) by Research in Real Life Limited and Aerocrine.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Herschel Observations of the W43 "mini-starburst"
Aims: To explore the infrared and radio properties of one of the closest
Galactic starburst regions. Methods: Images obtained with the Herschel Space
Observatory at wavelengths of 70, 160, 250, 350, and 500 microns using the PACS
and SPIRE arrays are analyzed and compared with radio continuum VLA data and 8
micron images from the Spitzer Space Telescope. The morphology of the
far-infrared emission is combined with radial velocity measurements of
millimeter and centimeter wavelength transitions to identify features likely to
be associated with the W43 complex. Results: The W43 star-forming complex is
resolved into a dense cluster of protostars, infrared dark clouds, and ridges
of warm dust heated by massive stars. The 4 brightest compact sources with L >
1.5 x 10^4 Lsun embedded within the Z-shaped ridge of bright dust emission in
W43 remain single at 4" (0.1 pc) resolution. These objects, likely to be
massive protostars or compact clusters in early stages of evolution are
embedded in clumps with masses of 10^3 to 10^4 Msun, but contribute only 2% to
the 3.6 x 10^6 Lsun far-IR luminosity of W43 measured in a 16 by 16 pc box. The
total mass of gas derived from the far-IR dust emission inside this region is
~10^6 Msun. Cometary dust clouds, compact 6 cm radio sources, and warm dust
mark the locations of older populations of massive stars. Energy release has
created a cavity blowing-out below the Galactic plane. Compression of molecular
gas in the plane by the older HII region near G30.684-0.260 and the bipolar
structure of the resulting younger W43 HII region may have triggered the
current mini-star burst.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for A&A Special Issu
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