Improving Monolithic Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells From an Optical Viewpoint

Perovskite silicon tandem solar cells are the most promising concept for a future photovoltaic technology. We report on recent progress from an optical viewpoint and disucss how we achieved more than 25 device efficienc

Proton Radiation Hardness of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics.

Monolithic [Cs0.05(MA0. 17FA0. 83)0.95]Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (perovskite/CIGS) tandem solar cells promise high performance and can be processed on flexible substrates, enabling cost-efficient and ultra-lightweight space photovoltaics with power-to-weight and power-to-cost ratios surpassing those of state-of-the-art III-V semiconductor-based multijunctions. However, to become a viable space technology, the full tandem stack must withstand the harsh radiation environments in space. Here, we design tailored operando and ex situ measurements to show that perovskite/CIGS cells retain over 85% of their initial efficiency even after 68 MeV proton irradiation at a dose of 2 × 1012 p+/cm2. We use photoluminescence microscopy to show that the local quasi-Fermi-level splitting of the perovskite top cell is unaffected. We identify that the efficiency losses arise primarily from increased recombination in the CIGS bottom cell and the nickel-oxide-based recombination contact. These results are corroborated by measurements of monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction cells, which severely degrade to 1% of their initial efficiency due to radiation-induced recombination centers in silicon.F.L. acknowledges financial support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation via the Feodor Lynen program and thanks Prof. Sir R. Friend for supporting his Fellowship at the Cavendish Laboratory. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (HYPERION, grant agreement number 756962). M.J, A.A.A., E.K., and S.A. acknowledge financial support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) via program “Materialforschung für die Energiewende” (grant no. 03SF0540), by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) through the ‘PersiST’ project (Grant No. 0324037C). T.B. C.A.K. and R.S. acknowledge funding by BMWi through the speedCIGS (grant no. 0324095E) and EFFCIS project (grant no. 0324076D). D.K. and M.C. acknowledge financial support from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, via The Top-consortia Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) Program ‘‘Photovoltaic modules based on a p-i-n stack, manufactured on a roll-to-roll line featuring high efficiency, stability and strong market perspective’’ (PVPRESS) (TEUE118010) and “Bridging the voltage gap” (BRIGHT) (1721101). K. F. acknowledges the George and Lilian Schiff Fund, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the Winton Sustainability Fellowship, and the Cambridge Trust for funding. S.D.S. acknowledges the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). The authors acknowledge the EPSRC for funding (EP/R023980/1). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 841265. A.R.B. acknowledges funding from a Winton Studentship, Oppenheimer Studentship, and funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Doctoral Training Centre in Photovoltaics (CDT-PV). K.G. acknowledges the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the Mobilnosc Plus program (Grant No. 1603/MOB/V/2017/0)

27.9 Efficient Monolithic Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells on Industry Compatible Bottom Cells

Monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells recently surpass the efficiency of silicon single junction solar cells. Most tandem cells utilize gt;250 amp; 8201; amp; 956;m thick, planarized float zone FZ silicon, which is not compatible with commercial production using lt;200 amp; 8201; amp; 956;m thick Czochralski CZ silicon. The perovskite silicon tandem cells based on industrially relevant 100 amp; 8201; amp; 956;m thick CZ silicon without mechanical planarization are demonstrated. The best power conversion efficiency PCE of 27.9 is only marginally below the 28.2 reference value obtained on the commonly used front side polished FZ Si, which are about three times thicker. With both wafer types showing the same median PCE of 27.8 , the thin CZ Si based devices are preferred for economic reasons. To investigate perspectives for improved current matching and, therefore, further efficiency improvement, optical simulations with planar and textured silicon have been conducted the perovskite s bandgap needs to be increased by amp; 8776;0.02 amp; 8201;eV when reducing the silicon thickness from 280 to 100 amp; 8201; amp; 956;m. The need for bandgap enlargement has a strong impact on future tandem developments ensuring photostable compositions with lossless interfaces at bandgaps around or above 1.7 amp; 8201;e

21.6 efficient Monolithic Perovskite Cu In,Ga Se2 Tandem Solar Cells with Thin Conformal Hole Transport Layers for Integration on Rough Bottom Cell Surfaces

Perovskite based tandem solar cells can increase the power conversion efficiency PCE of conventional single junction photovoltaic devices. Here, we present monolithic perovskite CIGSe tandem solar cells with a perovskite top cell fabricated directly on an as grown, rough CIGSe bottom cell. To prevent potential shunting due to the rough CIGSe surface, a thin NiOx layer is conformally deposited via atomic layer deposition on the front contact of the CIGSe bottom cell. The performance is further improved by an additional layer of the polymer PTAA at the NiOx perovskite interface. This hole transport bilayer enables a 21.6 stabilized PCE of the tandem device at amp; 8764;0.8 cm2 active area. We use TEM EDX measurements to investigate the deposition uniformity and conformality of the NiOx and PTAA layers. By absolute photoluminescence measurements, the contribution of the individual subcells to the tandem VOC is determined, revealing that further fine tuning of the recombination layers might improve the tandem VOC. Finally, on the basis of the obtained results, we give guidelines to improve monolithic perovskite CIGSe tandems toward predicted PCE estimates above 3

Slot Die Coated Triple Halide Perovskites for Efficient and Scalable Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Wide bandgap halide perovskite materials show promising potential to pair with silicon bottom cells. To date, most efficient wide bandgap perovskites layers are fabricated by spin coating, which is difficult to scale up. Here, we report on slot die coating for an efficient, 1.68 eV wide bandgap triple halide 3halide perovskite absorber, Cs0.22FA0.78 Pb I0.85Br0.15 3 5 mol MAPbCl3. A suitable solvent system is designed specifically for the slot die coating technique. We demonstrate that our fabrication route is suitable for tandem solar cells without phase segregation. The slot die coated wet halide perovskite is dried by a nitrogen N2 knife with high reproducibility and avoiding antisolvents. We explore varying annealing conditions and identify parameters allowing crystallization of the perovskite film into large grains reducing charge collection losses and enabling higher current density. At 150 C, an optimized trade off between crystallization and the PbI2 aggregates on the film s top surface is found. Thus, we improve the cell stability and performance of both single junction cells and tandems. Combining the 3halide top cells with a 120 amp; 956;m thin saw damage etched commercial Czochralski industrial wafer, a 2 terminal monolithic tandem solar cell with a PCE of 25.2 on a 1 cm2 active area is demonstrated with fully scalable processe

Subcell Operation and Long Term Stability Analysis of Perovskite Based Tandem Solar Cells Using a Bichromatic Light Emitting Diode Light Source

In monolithic tandem solar cells, current voltage J V characteristics of subcells provide invaluable information about their quality and tandem operation. However, accessing the subcell J Vs is challenging and requires sophisticated spectral methods. Herein, a customized, bichromatic light emitting diode setup BCLED for in depth analysis of tandem solar cells, suitable for subcell operation analysis, and long term stability testing is presented. For this, two spectrally independent LED arrays are used to selectively bias the two subcells. The power of the developed setup is demonstrated by successfully disentangling the tandem J V curve into subcell J V curves. The method is based on a one diode model for each subcell and is validated by electrical simulations. Afterward, it is used on a fabricated 27.6 efficient perovskite silicon tandem device, resulting in great agreement with the measured J V curve. Therefore, the BCLED setup is a versatile tool, suitable for subcell characteristics and long term stability analysis of tandem solar cell

Nemateriālo aktīvu grāmatvedības metodoloģiskās problēmas Latvijas Republikā

Nonfluorinated hydrophobic surfaces are of interest for reduced cost, toxicity, and environmental problems. Searching for such surfaces together with versatile processing, A200 silica nanoparticles are modified with an oligodimethylsiloxane and used by themselves or with a polymer matrix. The goal of the surface modification is controlled aggregate size and stable suspensions. Characterization is done by NMR, microanalysis, nitrogen adsorption, and dynamic light scattering. The feasibility of the concept is then demonstrated. The silica aggregates are sprayed in a scalable process to form ultrahydrophobic and imperceptible coatings with surface topographies of controlled nanoscale roughness onto different supports, including nanofibrillated cellulose. To improve adhesion and wear properties, the organosilica was mixed with polymers. The resulting composite coatings are characterized by FE-SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurements. Depending on the nature of the polymer, different functionalities can be developed. Poly­(methyl methacrylate) leads to almost superhydrophobic and highly transparent coatings. Composites based on commercial acrylic car paint show “pearl-bouncing” droplet behavior. A light-emitting polyfluorene is synthesized to prepare luminescent and water repellent coatings on different supports. The interactions between polymers and the organosilica influence coating roughness and are critical for wetting behavior. In summary, the feasibility of a facile, rapid, and fluorine-free hydrophobization concept was successfully demonstrated in multipurpose antiwetting applications

Strategy for large???scale monolithic Perovskite/Silicon tandem solar cell: A review of recent progress

For any solar cell technology to reach the final mass-production/commercialization stage, it must meet all technological, economic, and social criteria such as high efficiency, large-area scalability, long-term stability, price competitiveness, and environmental friendliness of constituent materials. Until now, various solar cell technologies have been proposed and investigated, but only crystalline silicon, CdTe, and CIGS technologies have overcome the threshold of mass-production/commercialization. Recently, a perovskite/silicon (PVK/Si) tandem solar cell technology with high efficiency of 29.1% has been reported, which exceeds the theoretical limit of single-junction solar cells as well as the efficiency of stand-alone silicon or perovskite solar cells. The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) predicts that silicon-based tandem solar cells will account for about 5% market share in 2029 and among various candidates, the combination of silicon and perovskite is the most likely scenario. Here, we classify and review the PVK/Si tandem solar cell technology in terms of homo- and hetero-junction silicon solar cells, the doping type of the bottom silicon cell, and the corresponding so-called normal and inverted structure of the top perovskite cell, along with mechanical and monolithic tandemization schemes. In particular, we review and discuss the recent advances in manufacturing top perovskite cells using solution and vacuum deposition technology for large-area scalability and specific issues of recombination layers and top transparent electrodes for large-area PVK/Si tandem solar cells, which are indispensable for the final commercialization of tandem solar cells

Revealing Fundamental Efficiency Limits of Monolithic Perovskite Silicon Tandem Photovoltaics through Subcell Characterization

Perovskite silicon tandem photovoltaics PVs promise to accelerate the decarbonization of our energy systems. Here, we present a thorough subcell diagnosis methodology to reveal deep insights into the practical efficiency limitations of state of the art perovskite silicon tandem PVs. Our subcell selective intensity dependent photoluminescence PL and injection dependent electroluminescence EL measurements allow independent assessment of pseudo VOC and power conversion efficiencies PCEs for both subcells. We reveal identical metrics from PL and EL, which implies well aligned energy levels throughout the entire cell. Relatively large ideality factors and insufficient charge extraction, however, cause each a fill factor penalty of about 6 absolute . Using partial device stacks, we then identify significant losses in standard perovskite subcells due to bulk and interfacial recombination. Lastly, we present strategies to minimize these losses using triple halide CsFAPb IBrCl 3 based perovskites. Our results give helpful feedback for device development and lay the foundation toward advanced perovskite silicon tandem PVs capable of exceeding 33 PC

Angewandte Systemanalyse Band 15: Ein Energieversorgungsmodell zur Langfristprognose der Umwandlungskapazitäten

Aufgabe des Modells ist es, bei vorgegebenem zeitlichem Verlauf des Energieverbrauchs, aufgeschlüsselt nach Energieträgern - den resultierenden Primärenergieverbrauch, aufgeschlüsselt nach Energieträgern - die notwendigen Umwandlungskapazitäten, aufgeschlüsselt nach Anlagentypen zu errechnen. Die wesentlichen Vorgaben für das Modell sind demnach - der Eendenergieverbrauch, aufgeschlüsselt nach den 26 Energieträgern - der Koksverbrauch der Eisenschaffenden Industrie (für den Bereich Hochöfen) wobei hier wie im weiteren stets - wenn nicht anders vermerkt - von folgenden Aggregaten im Sinne der Energiebilanz ausgegangen wird. Sie werden aus Gründen der Speicherplatz- bzw. Programmökonomie einmal dutch einen Index, zum anderen durch einen Buchstaben an Ende der mnemotechnisch gebildeten Variablennamen gekennzeichnet