Forecasting the future: an overview of the strategic planning of the Bournemouth and Poole conurbation

An important part of strategic planning’s purpose should be to attempt to forecast the future, not simply to belatedly respond to events, or accept the future as inevitable. This paper puts forward a conceptual approach for seeking to achieve these aims and uses the Bournemouth and Poole area in Dorset as a vehicle for applying the basic methodology. The area has been chosen because of the significant issues that it currently faces in planning terms; and its future development possibilities. In order that alternative future choices for the area – different ‘developmental trajectories’ – can be evaluated, they must be carefully and logically constructed. Four Futures for Bournemouth/Poole have been put forward; they are titled and colour-coded: Future One is Maximising Growth – Golden Prospect which seeks to achieve the highest level of economic prosperity of the area; Future Two is Incremental Growth – Solid Silver which attempts to facilitate a steady, continuing, controlled pattern of the development for the area; Future Three is Steady State – Cobalt Blue which suggests that people in the area could be more concerned with preserving their quality of life in terms of their leisure and recreation rather than increasing wealth; Future Four is Environment First – Jade Green which makes the area’s environmental protection its top priority even at the possible expense of economic prosperity. The scenarios proposed here are not sacrosanct. Nor are they simply confined to the Bournemouth and Poole area. In theory, suitably modified, they could use in a variety of different contexts. Consideration of the scenarios – wherever located - might then generate other, additional scenarios. These are called hybrids, alloys and amalgams. Likewise it might identify some of them as inappropriate or impossible. Most likely, careful consideration of the scenarios will suggest hybrid scenarios, in which features from different scenarios are combined to produce alternative or additional futures for consideration. The real issue then becomes how best to fashion such a future for the particular area under consideratio

Smoothing-inspired lack-of-fit tests based on ranks

A rank-based test of the null hypothesis that a regressor has no effect on a response variable is proposed and analyzed. This test is identical in structure to the order selection test but with the raw data replaced by ranks. The test is nonparametric in that it is consistent against virtually any smooth alternative, and is completely distribution free for all sample sizes. The asymptotic distribution of the rank-based order selection statistic is obtained and seen to be the same as that of its raw data counterpart. Exact small sample critical values of the test statistic are provided as well. It is shown that the Pitman-Noether efficiency of the proposed rank test compares very favorably with that of the order selection test. In fact, their asymptotic relative efficiency is identical to that of the Wilcoxon signed rank and $t$-tests. An example involving microarray data illustrates the usefulness of the rank test in practice.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/193940307000000103 the IMS Collections (http://www.imstat.org/publications/imscollections.htm) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

The case of equality in the Livingstone-Wagner Theorem

Let G be a permutation group acting on a set Ω of size n∈ℕ and let 1≤k<(n−1)/2. Livingstone and Wagner proved that the number of orbits of G on k-subsets of Ω is less than or equal to the number of orbits on (k+1)-subsets. We investigate the cases when equality occurs

A policy critique of Stansted Airport's expansion to 25 million passengers per annum (MPPA)

In this paper we undertake a preliminary assessment of the regional planning and development implications of BAA Stansted Airport’s planning permission to grow to 25 million passengers per annum (mppa) by 2010. Our concern is not simply to consider the overall growth of the airport on the airport site itself but the nature and type of growth both on- and off-site. In this document we focus on the submitted planning permission documents and test them. The methodology we employed was to draw on published and unpublished numerical estimates of the airport’s growth – particularly including estimates produced by the airport owner, BAA, and their economic and planning consultants DTZ Pieda - and critically, and systematically analyse their figures. We adopted this approach because unless the figures which were employed in the initial calculations were correct then all of the subsequent projections which flow from them - and the polices which could then be based on them – could be flawed. The analysis is divided into two parts – firstly, are the growth forecasts correct?; and secondly, what do these forecasts actually mean in developmental terms? In effect, what we have done is to produce a critique of the existing body of evidence by questioning underpinning assumptions and then draw some preliminary conclusions for the region based on this analysis. A major focus of this report has been analyse the figures involved in the planning application to expand Stansted to 25mppa. Ironically, one of our key findings, that the local impact of Stansted’s proposed expansion in employment terms might well be less than was originally thought, might make it easier to gain the acceptance of the relevant local authorities involved to allow the development to take place. Our main overall findings are that the BAA projections over-estimate the local employment impact of the airport’s proposed growth and under-estimate its potential regional ‘transportation’ employment effect. These two findings are, of course, related to each other in important ways, and we also feel that they have potentially significant medium and long-term economic, competitiveness and planning policy implications for the East of England regio

Additive property of modal density for a composite structure Progress report

Additive property of modal density for composite structures in analysi

Reference Points and the Theory of the Firm

In this article I argue that it has been hard to make progress on Coase's theory of the firm agenda because of the difficulty of formalizing haggling costs. I propose an approach that tries to move things forward using the idea of aggrievement costs, and apply it to the question of whether a transaction should be placed inside a firm (in-house production) or in the market place (outsourcing).

The density of eigenvalues in thin circular conical shells

Resonant frequencies in thin circular conical shell

Modal density of thin circular cylinders

Vibration modal response of thin cylindrical shell

The impact of four weeks of high intensity interval training oncardiac autonomic function in physically inactive males and females

Introduction: Physical inactivity is the fourth largest risk factor of premature mortality, responsible for 6% of deaths each year worldwide. Autonomic dysfunction has shown to be an indicator of cardiovascular diseases. High intensity interval training has shown to reduce traditional cardiovascular risk factors in less time than traditional aerobic exercise training. However, the adaptations following a high intensity interval training programme to the cardiac autonomic nervous system have not yet been fully researched. Method: Using an independent-measures design, 45 physically inactive males and females (22.8 ± 2.7 years) were placed into either a high intensity interval training or control group. The subjects in the high intensity interval training group completed 3 x 30 seconds all out maximal cycle sprints, 3 times a week on a Wattbike cycle ergometer at a resistance of 7.5% of their body weight, with two minutes of active recovery between bouts, for four weeks. Cardiac autonomic function was measured using the task force monitor. Results: This study found that four weeks of high intensity interval training led to resting heart rate significantly reducing (65.59 ± 10.15 to 63.05 ± 13.42 b.min-1; p < 0.05) and significant improvements in total power spectrum density (498.8 ± 239.8 ms2; p < 0.05) and high frequency power (389.4 ± 123 ms2; p < 0.01) against the control group. There was a nonsignificant increase in low frequency power (189.7 ± 91.2 ms2) and no significant reduction in LF/HF ratio compared to the control group