Building Indian Country’s Future through Food, Agriculture,Infrastructure, and Economic Development in the 2018 FarmBill

With the potential of approximately $1 trillion in spending over 10 years in rural America, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs authorized by the Farm Bill have the ability to build and support thriving economies in rural America. Nowhere is this potential greater, or needed, than in rural Tribal communities. This paper will examine why the unique circumstances of Tribal governments, individual Native American food producers, and Tribal citizens necessitate changes in several USDA programs to serve Indian Country. Further, it will review several policy changes in various titles of the next Farm Bill reauthorization that will help empower Tribal governments and individual Native food producers to utilize the full breadth of opportunities the Farm Bill offers and allow USDA to invest in Indian Country. This includes the ability to develop and expand Tribal infrastructure, utilities, broadband, water systems, and community buildings like hospitals and fire stations; provide the means for Native agriculture businesses to thrive; and continue to address and improve the health of American Indians and Alaska Natives supporting he already great work happening in Natives communities surrounding food and agriculture. Finally, this paper will discuss how improving the Farm Bill programs for Indian Country will help bolster our work to achieve the truest form of sovereignty: feeding ourselves in our own foods systems with our own foods

Core Knowledge Language Arts: Does it Represent the Lawrence Public Schools Community?

The climate of the 21st-century education system, though ever-changing, calls for students to be taught to specific academic standards while allowing for culturally diverse inclusive learning to take place. The Lawrence Public School System is comprised of over twenty different schools, with 36.6% other Hispanic, 33.1% white Hispanic, 14.1% white nonHispanic, 7.57% two or more ethnicities, and 3.41% black or African American Hispanic with various education and life experiences. The Core Knowledge Language Arts curriculum is used for Grades Kindergarten through second grade. This curriculum was created by a white, cisgender male promoting Eurocentric ideologies. Is the Lawrence community fairly represented in this instructional material, particular at the early childhood level when students are finding their academic and social identities? This capstone looks into the creation….curriculum, exploring the representational...and comparing them to the current demographic make-up of the Lawrence Public Schools classroom

Reading 9/11 in 21st Century Apocalyptic Horror Films

The tragedy and aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are reflected in American apocalyptic horror films that have been produced since 2001. Because the attacks have occurred only within the past ten years, not much research has been conducted on the effects the attacks have had on the narrative and technological aspects of apocalyptic horror. A survey of American apocalyptic horror will include a brief synopsis of the films, commentary on dominant visual allusions to the 9/11 attacks, and discussion of how the attacks have thematically influenced the genre. The resulting study shows that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have shaped American apocalyptic horror cinema as shown through imagery, characters, and thematic focus of the genre

Chemical suppression of steroidogenesis.

A large number of chemicals are known to interfere with steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex and other tissues. Many xenobiotics inhibit steroid hormone production as a result of interactions with cytochrome P-450-containing hydroxylases in adrenal mitochondria or microsomes. For example, metyrapone, a compound used clinically in the evaluation of pituitary-adrenocortical function, binds to various cytochromes P-450 in the adrenal, preventing the interactions of steroid substrates with the enzymes and inhibiting steroidogenesis. The mineralocorticoid antagonist, spironolactone, and its major circulating metabolite, canrenone, also competitively interact with adrenal steroid hydroxylases. In addition, spironolactone is converted by adrenal microsomes to an unknown metabolite which promotes the destruction of cytochromes P-450, decreasing the activities of steroid hydroxylases. Carbon tetrachloride is similarly "activated" by adrenal microsomal mixed function oxidases resulting in a decline in steroidogenic enzyme activity. Carbon tetrachloride (in the presence of NADPH) initiates lipid peroxidation in adrenal microsomes but its toxic effects on steroid hydroxylases are fully demonstrable when lipid peroxidation is inhibited by EDTA. A number of heavy metals, including cadmium, also inhibit adrenal steroid hydroxylases. When incubated with adrenal microsomes, cadmium does not affect cytochrome P-450 levels but decreases basal and substrate stimulated NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Although inhibitory effects of many chemicals on steroidogenesis have been described, the toxicological significance as well as definitive mechanisms of action have in most cases yet to be determined

Personal, spatiotemporal exposure assessment: method development and application

2013 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

First Experimental Demonstration of Gate-all-around III-V MOSFET by Top-down Approach

The first inversion-mode gate-all-around (GAA) III-V MOSFETs are experimentally demonstrated with a high mobility In0.53Ga0.47As channel and atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al2O3/WN gate stacks by a top-down approach. A well-controlled InGaAs nanowire release process and a novel ALD high-k/metal gate process has been developed to enable the fabrication of III-V GAA MOSFETs. Well-behaved on-state and off-state performance has been achieved with channel length (Lch) down to 50nm. A detailed scaling metrics study (S.S., DIBL, VT) with Lch of 50nm - 110nm and fin width (WFin) of 30nm - 50nm are carried out, showing the immunity to short channel effects with the advanced 3D structure. The GAA structure has provided a viable path towards ultimate scaling of III-V MOSFETs.Comment: IEEE IEDM 2011 pp. 769-772; Structures are valuable for low-dimensional physics stud

MONEY ILLUSION, GORMAN AND LAU

Any demand equation satisfying Lau’s (1982) Fundamental Theorem of Exact Aggregation and 0° homogeneity in prices and income will have a Gorman (1981) functional form for each income term. This property does not depend on symmetry or adding up. The implications of this result are illustrated by an extensive example.Demand, exact aggregation, functional form, homogeneity

Potential for Market Systems/Carbon Trading

If carbon sequestration concerns are to be addressed through markets, the cap and trade mechanism is perhaps the most likely approach that will be taken in solving the carbon problem. This is based in part on experience with the sulfur allowances market that is being implemented starting with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. It is recognized, however, that a great deal of uncertainty surrounds the matter of whether we might see emission allowance markets and the related carbon storage markets anytime soon. As a result, the bulk of the report is devoted to highlighting the major parameters that will have to be considered, especially in designing markets for carbon offsets in stock (COIS) certificates. Emission limits would need to be set before emission allowance markets could be formed. Carbon storage markets would likely appear next. It may well also be the case that farmers and ranchers would be faced with covering emissions of carbon and other greenhouse gases, while also being able to sell carbon offsets in stock for the carbon stored in land. Also, the report highlights problems with green payments or markets in flows and in promises to apply best management practices. Neither of these two approaches seemingly make a close enough connection to the scarcity 1) in the atmospheric capacity to hold more carbon dioxide, or 2) in the agricultural soil and land capacity to store more carbon. Emissions allowances and carbon offsets in stock make these connections, and, as a result, are more likely to produce jointly equitable and efficient outcomes in both payment programs and markets. The report also takes the reader through an exercise in understanding how flows of carbon into a tract of land relate to the stocks of carbon in storage. A hypothetical set of numbers relating stocks and flows are presented in two figures, one showing the kind of time path one might expect for the level of carbon stored and the other showing the accretions, or the rates and flows of change in the carbon stock for each unit of time. The flows are affected by how much carbon is already in the soil at any point in time. It is demonstrated that as we approach the capacity of the soil to hold more carbon it becomes increasingly difficult to add more carbon to storage. This leads to the contention that the additional costs of increasing the flows into the soil will only be incurred by farmers and ranchers if payments and prices also increase over time, and as we reach full storage capacity. The report then turns to addressing the nature of a property right in carbon stored, the carbon offsets in stock (COIS) certificate. Various dimensions of COIS property rights are explored including the right to possess/exclusive control; right to use; right to manage; right to the income; right to the capital; right to the security; right to transfer; right of term/duration; right to prohibit harmful use; right to execution; and, right to residuary character. It is clarified that a COIS is somewhat unusual in that even though it is sold, the seller is still in charge of managing the carbon in place such that the relationship between the buyer and seller has to be maintained during the time of contract. Also, it is suggested that perhaps the seller be given the option of buying COIS certificates associated with other land and providing same to the buyer if for some reason it is necessary to reduce the carbon stored in stock on the land in question. Rather than providing penalties for carbon stores being reduced, it is suggested to provide flexibility to the seller on how the contract can be satisfied. In terms of progress toward carbon storage markets, it is pointed out that after the Title IV Amendments to the 1990 Clean Air Act resulted in actions to set national emission limits and to create a sulfur allowance market, it took about 3-years to introduce a market. Some 7-years after introduction, the market is now functioning quite effectively. Perhaps a 10-year horizon on setting emission limits leading to emission allowance and perhaps carbon storage markets is realistic for carbon as well. It is also highlighted, however, that recent moves in the U.S. Congress to introduce somewhat opposing pieces of legislation in terms of eventual outcomes bears watching. If the Conservation Security Act of 2001 passes, green payments may substitute for market prices in carbon stores, flows and/or for best management practices. If the Clean Power Act of 2001 passes, emission limits will be set on carbon emissions, which could then lead to carbon emission allowance markets. There seems to be a potential for disconnect here, using standard subsidy/payment programs in one case and the new cap and trade market mechanism in the other, placing the two approaches somewhat at odds. The report emphasizes the need to focus on carbon offsets in stock, i.e., focus on carbon stored in land rather than on flows into the land or on best management practices, no matter whether we face green payments or market prices. Nebraskans may wish to develop a simulation exercise to help in experimenting with such a market on a case study, or special project basis. A Nebraska Coalition, modeled after the Montana Coalition, might be formed to work with farmers and ranchers in putting together aggregates of carbon stored for possible sale. It also is noted that perhaps the Nebraska Natural Resource Districts and the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources could play a role in certification and as a central point for data on transactions and features of the trade in offset certificates. Nebraska based private sector firms also could be encouraged to consider providing certification and aggregation as well as brokerage and financial services in the new carbon markets. Fortunately, Nebraskans are a step ahead of most in other parts of the U.S. with respect to proactive involvement on carbon issues. The State could continue taking the lead on this front, with the plan to further influence the conversation about the nature of the payment or market mechanisms that eventually evolve in carbon. Designing and testing a simulated and perhaps even a test market in carbon offsets in stock in a selected project area might be considered

Potential for Market Systems/Carbon Trading

If carbon sequestration concerns are to be addressed through markets, the cap and trade mechanism is perhaps the most likely approach that will be taken in solving the carbon problem. This is based in part on experience with the sulfur allowances market that is being implemented starting with the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. It is recognized, however, that a great deal of uncertainty surrounds the matter of whether we might see emission allowance markets and the related carbon storage markets anytime soon. As a result, the bulk of the report is devoted to highlighting the major parameters that will have to be considered, especially in designing markets for carbon offsets in stock (COIS) certificates. Emission limits would need to be set before emission allowance markets could be formed. Carbon storage markets would likely appear next. It may well also be the case that farmers and ranchers would be faced with covering emissions of carbon and other greenhouse gases, while also being able to sell carbon offsets in stock for the carbon stored in land. Also, the report highlights problems with green payments or markets in flows and in promises to apply best management practices. Neither of these two approaches seemingly make a close enough connection to the scarcity 1) in the atmospheric capacity to hold more carbon dioxide, or 2) in the agricultural soil and land capacity to store more carbon. Emissions allowances and carbon offsets in stock make these connections, and, as a result, are more likely to produce jointly equitable and efficient outcomes in both payment programs and markets. The report also takes the reader through an exercise in understanding how flows of carbon into a tract of land relate to the stocks of carbon in storage. A hypothetical set of numbers relating stocks and flows are presented in two figures, one showing the kind of time path one might expect for the level of carbon stored and the other showing the accretions, or the rates and flows of change in the carbon stock for each unit of time. The flows are affected by how much carbon is already in the soil at any point in time. It is demonstrated that as we approach the capacity of the soil to hold more carbon it becomes increasingly difficult to add more carbon to storage. This leads to the contention that the additional costs of increasing the flows into the soil will only be incurred by farmers and ranchers if payments and prices also increase over time, and as we reach full storage capacity. The report then turns to addressing the nature of a property right in carbon stored, the carbon offsets in stock (COIS) certificate. Various dimensions of COIS property rights are explored including the right to possess/exclusive control; right to use; right to manage; right to the income; right to the capital; right to the security; right to transfer; right of term/duration; right to prohibit harmful use; right to execution; and, right to residuary character. It is clarified that a COIS is somewhat unusual in that even though it is sold, the seller is still in charge of managing the carbon in place such that the relationship between the buyer and seller has to be maintained during the time of contract. Also, it is suggested that perhaps the seller be given the option of buying COIS certificates associated with other land and providing same to the buyer if for some reason it is necessary to reduce the carbon stored in stock on the land in question. Rather than providing penalties for carbon stores being reduced, it is suggested to provide flexibility to the seller on how the contract can be satisfied. In terms of progress toward carbon storage markets, it is pointed out that after the Title IV Amendments to the 1990 Clean Air Act resulted in actions to set national emission limits and to create a sulfur allowance market, it took about 3-years to introduce a market. Some 7-years after introduction, the market is now functioning quite effectively. Perhaps a 10-year horizon on setting emission limits leading to emission allowance and perhaps carbon storage markets is realistic for carbon as well. It is also highlighted, however, that recent moves in the U.S. Congress to introduce somewhat opposing pieces of legislation in terms of eventual outcomes bears watching. If the Conservation Security Act of 2001 passes, green payments may substitute for market prices in carbon stores, flows and/or for best management practices. If the Clean Power Act of 2001 passes, emission limits will be set on carbon emissions, which could then lead to carbon emission allowance markets. There seems to be a potential for disconnect here, using standard subsidy/payment programs in one case and the new cap and trade market mechanism in the other, placing the two approaches somewhat at odds. The report emphasizes the need to focus on carbon offsets in stock, i.e., focus on carbon stored in land rather than on flows into the land or on best management practices, no matter whether we face green payments or market prices. Nebraskans may wish to develop a simulation exercise to help in experimenting with such a market on a case study, or special project basis. A Nebraska Coalition, modeled after the Montana Coalition, might be formed to work with farmers and ranchers in putting together aggregates of carbon stored for possible sale. It also is noted that perhaps the Nebraska Natural Resource Districts and the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources could play a role in certification and as a central point for data on transactions and features of the trade in offset certificates. Nebraska based private sector firms also could be encouraged to consider providing certification and aggregation as well as brokerage and financial services in the new carbon markets. Fortunately, Nebraskans are a step ahead of most in other parts of the U.S. with respect to proactive involvement on carbon issues. The State could continue taking the lead on this front, with the plan to further influence the conversation about the nature of the payment or market mechanisms that eventually evolve in carbon. Designing and testing a simulated and perhaps even a test market in carbon offsets in stock in a selected project area might be considered

Money Disorders and Locus of Control: Implications for Assessment and Treatment

Research has implicated locus of control (LOC) as a factor in the development of psychological disorders, but few studies have examined how LOC relates to money disorders, which occur when stress surrounding money negatively impacts financial health. The present study utilized hierarchical regression to examine how select demographic factors and LOC contribute to 7 distinct money disorders among a sample of 164 college students. Results demonstrate that the link between external LOC and money disorders is stronger than indicated by previous research. Unlike demographic factors, which are static and were not found to predict money disorders in the present study, LOC is amenable to change, and both financial planners and mental health professionals may wish to incorporate locus of control into assessment and intervention