Biological Activity of Extracts from Aromatic Plants as Control Agents against Spoilage Molds Isolated from Sheep Cheese

[EN] The aim of this work was to assess the antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from distilled solid by-products from aromatic plants (Artemisia dracunculus, Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas, Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana) against 14 fungi strains isolated from sheep cheese and identified at species level using DNA barcoding based on β-tubulin sequence analysis. In addition, capacity of fungi to produce ochratoxin A, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid and sterigmatocystin was analyzed. Of the isolates, 85.7% belonged to Penicillium (P. commune/biforme, P. crustosum) and 14.3% to Aspergillus (A. puulaauensis and A. jensenii), the first time that these Aspergillus species have been found in sheep’s cheese. All P. commune isolates were producers of cyclopiazonic acid, and the two Aspergillus strains produced sterigmatocystin, but the others did not produce any tested mycotoxin. Among the essential oils tested, oregano, savory and tarragon had a significant antifungal activity against all the isolated strains, but no ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity. By contrast, ethanolic extracts showed great potential as antioxidants. The identification of new molds in cheese will help the dairy industry to know more about those molds affecting the sector, and the use of aromatic plants in the control of fungal spoilage could be a suitable alternative to chemical preservatives used in the agri-food industrySIThis research was financially supported by the Spanish National Institute for Agricultural Research and Experimentation (INIA, http://inia.es) by the project RTA2015-00018-C03-0

Syndemic factors associated with adult sexual HIV risk behaviors in a sample of Latino men who have sex with men in New York City

Objective: Syndemic theory has been proposed as a framework for understanding the role of multiple riskfactors driving the HIV epidemic among sexual and gender minority individuals. As yet, the frameworkhas been relatively absent in research on Latinos/as.Methods: We used logistic regression to assess relationships among cumulative syndemic conditions –including clinically significant depression, high-risk alcohol consumption, discrimination, and childhoodsexual abuse – engagement with multiple partners and condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in a sample of176 Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City.Results: In bivariate analyses, an increase in the number of syndemic factors experienced was associatedwith an increased likelihood of reporting multiple partners and CAI. In multivariable analyses, participantswith 2, 3, and 4 factors were significantly more likely to report multiple partners than those with 0(aOR = 4.66, 95% CI [1.29, 16.85); aOR = 7.28, 95% CI [1.94, 27.28] and aOR = 8.25, 95% CI [1.74, 39.24]respectively; p \u3c 0.05. Regarding CAI, only participants with 3 and 4 factors differed from those with 0aOR = 7.35, 95% CI [1.64, 32.83] and OR = 8.06, 95% CI [1.39, 46.73] respectively.Conclusions: Comprehensive approaches that address syndemic factors, and capitalize on resiliency, areneeded to address the sexual health needs of Latino MSM

Syndemic factors associated with adult sexual HIV risk behaviors in a sample of Latino men who have sex with men in New York City

Objective: Syndemic theory has been proposed as a framework for understanding the role of multiple riskfactors driving the HIV epidemic among sexual and gender minority individuals. As yet, the frameworkhas been relatively absent in research on Latinos/as.Methods: We used logistic regression to assess relationships among cumulative syndemic conditions –including clinically significant depression, high-risk alcohol consumption, discrimination, and childhoodsexual abuse – engagement with multiple partners and condomless anal intercourse (CAI) in a sample of176 Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City.Results: In bivariate analyses, an increase in the number of syndemic factors experienced was associatedwith an increased likelihood of reporting multiple partners and CAI. In multivariable analyses, participantswith 2, 3, and 4 factors were significantly more likely to report multiple partners than those with 0(aOR = 4.66, 95% CI [1.29, 16.85); aOR = 7.28, 95% CI [1.94, 27.28] and aOR = 8.25, 95% CI [1.74, 39.24]respectively; p \u3c 0.05. Regarding CAI, only participants with 3 and 4 factors differed from those with 0aOR = 7.35, 95% CI [1.64, 32.83] and OR = 8.06, 95% CI [1.39, 46.73] respectively.Conclusions: Comprehensive approaches that address syndemic factors, and capitalize on resiliency, areneeded to address the sexual health needs of Latino MSM

The Origin of The Acheulean: The 1.7 Million-Year-Old Site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

The appearance of the acheulean is one of the hallmarks of human evolution. It represents the emergence of a complex behavior, expressed in the recurrent manufacture of large-sized tools, with standardized forms, implying more advance forethought and planning by hominins than those required by the precedent Oldowan technology. The earliest known evidence of this technology dates back to c. 1.7 Ma. and is limited to two sites (Kokiselei [Kenya] and Konso [Ethiopia]), both of which lack functionally-associated fauna. The functionality of these earliest Acheulean assemblages remains unknown. Here we present the discovery of another early Acheulean site also dating to c. 1.7 Ma from Olduvai Gorge. This site provides evidence of the earliest steps in developing the Acheulean technology and is the oldest acheulean site in which stone tools occur spatially and functionally associated with the exploitation of fauna. Simple and elaborate large-cutting tools (LCT) and bifacial handaxes co-exist at FLK West, showing that complex cognition was present from the earliest stages of the acheulean. Here we provide a detailed technological study and evidence of the use of these tools on the butchery and consumption of fauna, probably by early Homo erectus sensu lato

Cadmium induces reactive oxygen species-dependent pexophagy in Arabidopsis leaves.

Cadmium treatment induces transient peroxisome proliferation in Arabidopsis leaves. To determine whether this process is regulated by pexophagy and to identify the mechanisms involved, we analysed time course-dependent changes in ATG8, an autophagy marker, and the accumulation of peroxisomal marker PEX14a. After 3 hr of Cd exposure, the transcript levels of ATG8h, ATG8c, a, and i were slightly up-regulated and then returned to normal. ATG8 protein levels also increased after 3 hr of Cd treatment, although an opposite pattern was observed in PEX14. Arabidopsis lines expressing GFP-ATG8a and CFP-SKL enabled us to demonstrate the presence of pexophagic processes in leaves. The Cd-dependent induction of pexophagy was demonstrated by the accumulation of peroxisomes in autophagy gene (ATG)-related Arabidopsis knockout mutants atg5 and atg7. We show that ATG8a colocalizes with catalase and NBR1 in the electron-dense peroxisomal core, thus suggesting that NBR1 may be an autophagic receptor for peroxisomes, with catalase being possibly involved in targeting pexophagy. Protein carbonylation and peroxisomal redox state suggest that protein oxidation may trigger pexophagy. Cathepsine B, legumain, and caspase 6 may also be involved in the regulation of pexophagy. Our results suggest that pexophagy could be an important step in rapid cell responses to cadmium

Prior drug allergies are associated with worse outcome in patients with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: A machine learning approach for risk stratification

The impact of prior drug allergies (PDA) on the clinical features and outcomes of patients who develop idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the clinical presentation and outcomes of DILI patients based on the presence or absence of PDA and explore the association between culprit drugs responsible for DILI and allergy. We analysed a well-vetted cohort of DILI cases enrolled from the Spanish DILI Registry. Bootstrap-enhanced least absolute shrinkage operator procedure was used in variable selection, and a multivariable logistic model was fitted to predict poor outcomes in DILI. Of 912 cases with a first episode of DILI, 61 (6.7%) had documented PDA. Patients with PDA were older (p = 0.009), had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (p = 0.047), lower platelet count (p = 0.011) and higher liver-related mortality than those without a history of drug allergies (11% vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001). Penicillin was the most common drug associated with PDA in DILI patients (32%). A model including PDA, nR-based type of liver injury, female sex, AST, total bilirubin, and platelet count showed an excellent performance in predicting poor outcome in patients from the Spanish DILI Registry (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.887; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.794 – 0.981) and the LATINDILI Network (AUC 0.932; 95% CI 0.884 – 0.981). Patients with suspected DILI should be screened for PDA as they would require a close monitoring for early detection of worsening clinical course.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga/CBUA. This work was supported by grants of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional – FEDER, cofounded by European Union (grant number PI21/01248), and by the Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. CIBERehd is funded by ISCIII. HN holds a postdoctoral research contract funded by Junta de Andalucía (POSTDOC_21_00780). JSC holds a Juan Rodés contract (JR21/00066), JMP-B holds a Rio Hortega contract (CM21/00074), and IAA holds a Sara Borrell contract (CD20/00083), funded by ISCIII. This project has received funding from the European Horizon´s research and innovation program HORIZON-HLTH-2022-STAYHLTH-02 under agreement No 101095679. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevier

How does neighbourhood socio-economic status affect the interrelationships between functioning dimensions in first episode of psychosis? A network analysis approach

The links between psychosis and socio-economic disadvantage have been widely studied. No previous study has analysed the interrelationships and mutual influences between functioning dimensions in first episode of psychosis (FEP) according to their neighbourhood household income, using a multidimensional and transdiagnostic perspective. 170 patients and 129 controls, participants in an observational study (AGES-CM), comprised the study sample. The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) was used to assess functioning, whereas participants' postcodes were used to obtain the average household income for each neighbourhood, collected by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE). Network analyses were conducted with the aim of defining the interrelationships between the different dimensions of functioning according to the neighbourhood household income. Our results show that lower neighbourhood socioeconomic level is associated with lower functioning in patients with FEP. Moreover, our findings suggest that “household responsibilities” plays a central role in the disability of patients who live in low-income neighbourhoods, whereas “dealing with strangers” is the most important node in the network of patients who live in high-income neighbourhoods. These results could help to personalize treatments, by allowing the identification of potential functioning areas to be prioritized in the treatment of FEP according to the patient's neighbourhood characteristic

Shared decision making in breast cancer treatment guidelines: Development of a quality assessment tool and a systematic review

Background: It is not clear whether clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and consensus statements (CSs) are adequately promoting shared decision making (SDM). Objective: To evaluate the recommendations about SDM in CPGs and CSs concerning breast cancer (BC) treatment. Search strategy: Following protocol registration (Prospero no.: CRD42018106643), CPGs and CSs on BC treatment were identified, without language restrictions, through systematic search of bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, CDSR) and online sources (12 guideline databases and 51 professional society websites) from January 2010 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria: CPGs and CSs on BC treatment were selected whether published in a journal or in an online document. Data extraction and synthesis: A 31-item SDM quality assessment tool was developed and used to extract data in duplicate. Main results: There were 167 relevant CPGs (139) and CSs (28); SDM was reported in only 40% of the studies. SDM was reported more often in recent publications after 2015 (42/101 (41.6 %) vs 46/66 (69.7 %), P = .0003) but less often in medical journal publications (44/101 (43.5 %) vs 17/66 (25.7 %), P = .009). In CPGs and CSs with SDM, only 8/66 (12%) met one-fifth (6 of 31) of the quality items; only 14/66 (8%) provided clear and precise SDM recommendations. Discussion and conclusions: SDM descriptions and recommendations in CPGs and CSs concerning BC treatment need improvement. SDM was more frequently reported in CPGs and CSs in recent years, but surprisingly it was less often covered in medical journals, a feature that needs attention

Marco activo de recursos de innovación docente: Madrid

Una guía de espacios e instituciones para actividades educativas complementarias en enseñanza secundaria y Formación Profesional

Tendencias de la investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental

Esta obra incluye las memorias del Simposio “Tendencias de la Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental”, organizado por el Grupo de Investigaciones y Mediciones Ambientales (GEMA), realizado en la Universidad de Medellín en agosto de 2007. El texto está conformado por 14 capítulos agrupados en cuatro partes. En la primera se agrupan los trabajos relacionados con la calidad y alternativas de tratamiento del agua e hidráulica ambiental (capítulos 1 al 4). La segunda trata temas relacionados con la contaminación atmosférica y calidad del aire (capítulos 5 al 6). La tercera está relacionada con las tecnologías ambientales para la recuperación y conservación de suelos (capítulos 7 al 10) y la cuarta y última comprende las temáticas asociadas con la sostenibilidad ambiental del territorio (capítulos 11 al 14). En este sentido, estamos convencidos del valioso aporte que el libro dará a la comunidad científica, por ser este un documento de divulgación de resultados de investigación en ingeniería ambiental.PRÓLOGO............13 PRESENTACIÓN.............15 PRIMERA PARTE CALIDAD Y ALTERNATIVAS DE TRATAMIENTO DEL AGUA HIDRÁULICA AMBIENTAL Capítulo 1 PRETRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES INDUSTRIALES MEDIANTE FOTO-FENTON SOLAR A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL ACOPLADO A BIOTRATAMIENTO CON FANGOS ACTIVOS INMOVILIZADOS Manuel Ignacio Maldonado, Isabel Oller, Wolfgang Gernjak, Sixto Malato 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN............19 1.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.............21 1.2.1 Reactivos............21 1.2.2 Determinaciones analíticas.............22 1.2.3 Dispositivo experimental.............23 1.3 R ESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN............ 27 1.3.1 Tratamiento foto-Fenton solar............27 1.3.2 Biotratamiento mediante fangos activos inmovilizados.............33 1.3.3 Sistema combinado foto-Fenton solar-biológico aeróbico............35 1.4 CONCLUSIONES............. 42 Capítulo 2 DEGRADACIÓN DE LA ATRAZINA EN SOLUCIÓN ACUOSA USANDO RADIACIÓN UV Y PROCESOS DE OXIDACIÓN AVANZADA Margarita Hincapié, Gustavo Peñuela, Manuel I. Maldonado, Sixto Malato 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..............47 2.2 SECCIÓN EXPERIMENTAL..............53 2.2.1 Materiales.............53 2.2.2 Metodología...............53 2.2.3 Determinación analítica..............55 2.2.4 Determinación de la toxicidad...............55 2.3 R ESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN...............56 2.3.1 Hidrólisis..............56 2.3.2 Fotólisis y fotocatálisis con TiO2 Degussa P25.............56 2.3.3 Efecto de los agentes oxidantes peróxido de hidrógeno y persulfato de sodio en la fotocatálisis..............59 2.3.4 Proceso foto Fenton..............63 2.3.5 Evaluación de los aniones inorgánicos durante los dos tratamientos.............66 2.3.6 Cuantificación e identificación de los productos de degradación...............68 2.3.7 Evaluación de la toxicidad...............71 2.4 CONCLUSIONES...............74 Capítulo 3 HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES PARA EL TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES Nazly E. Sánchez P., Gustavo A. Peñuela M., Juan C. Casas Z. 3.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............81 3.2 MARCO TEÓRICO...............83 3.2.1 Humedales construidos para el tratamiento de aguas residuales..............84 3.2.2 Clasificación de los humedales.............85 3.2.3 Ventajas y desventajas de los humedales subsuperficiales..............87 3.2.4 Aspectos a considerar en los humedales subsuperficiales..............88 3.3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.................89 3.3.1 Diseño y construcción de los humedales a escala piloto..............89 3.3.2 Componentes del agua residual sintética................90 3.3.3 Siembra y aclimatación de plantas............... 90 3.3.4 Muestreos............91 3.4 R ESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN..............91 3.4.1 pH..............91 3.4.2 Demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO5)..............92 3.4.3 Carbono orgánico total (COT)................94 3.5 CONCLUSIONES................95 Capítulo 4 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA DINÁMICA OCEANOGRÁFICA DEL GOLFO DE URABÁ UTILIZANDO MEDICIONES DE CAMPO Luis Javier Montoya Jaramillo, Francisco Mauricio Toro Botero 4.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............103 4.2 DATOS Y MÉTODOS................107 4.3 DISCUSIÓN..............118 4.4 CONCLUSIONES............. 120 SEGUNDA PARTE CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA Y CALIDAD DEL AIRE Capítulo 5 IMPACTO DE LAS MOTOCICLETAS EN LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE. ESTUDIO DE CASO: MONTERÍA Carlos Alberto Echeverri Londoño 5.1 INTRODUCCIÓN.................127 5.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS...............131 5.2.1 S elección de los sitios de medición...............131 5.2.2 Período de medición................131 5.2.3 Parámetros seleccionados...............132 5.2.4 Equipos y materiales utilizados..............132 5.2.5 Índices de calidad del aire..............133 5.2.6 Legislación.............. 138 5.2.7 Inventario de emisiones..............141 5.3 RESULTADOS...............142 5.3.1 Calidad del aire y calidad acústica................142 5.3.2 Emisiones vehiculares.............150 5.3.3 Inventario de emisiones.............155 5.4 CONCLUSIONES.............. 158 5.5 RECOMENDACIONES............. 160 Capítulo 6 ROMPIMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN TÉRMICA EN EL VALLE DE ABURRÁ Ángela M. Rendón, José F. Jiménez, Carlos Palacio 6.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............163 6.2 MEDICIÓN DE VARIABLES ATMOSFÉRICAS..............164 6.3 CAMPAÑAS DE MEDICIÓN.............165 6.4 RESULTADOS..............166 6.5 CONCLUSIONES................170 TERCERA PARTE TECNOLOGÍAS AMBIENTALES PARA LA RECUPERACIÓN Y CONSERVACIÓN DE SUELOS Capítulo 7 ESTRUCTURA MODELO DE LA PARTÍCULA FUNDAMENTAL DEL COMPOST Carlos E. Arroyave M., Carlos A. Peláez J. 7.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..............177 7.2 MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS.............178 7.2.1 Materias primas y planta de compostaje............178 7.2.2 Obtención de fracciones............. 182 7.2.3 Análisis estadístico.............184 7.3 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN.............184 7.3.1 Caracterización fisicoquímica del material de RSUsf...........184 7.3.2 Tamaño de partícula.............185 7.3.3 Análisis instrumental................187 7.3.4 Modelo de partícula..............194 7.4 CONCLUSIONES..............195 Capítulo 8 DEGRADACIÓN DE HEXACLOROCICLOHEXANO (HCH) CON HONGOS DE PODREDUMBRE DE LA MADERA Juan Carlos Quintero Díaz, Gumersindo Feijoo, Juan Manuel Lema 8.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..............199 8.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS..............204 8.2.1 Microorganismos.............204 8.2.2 Ensayos de selección de los hongos de podredumbre de la madera.............204 8.2.3 Ensayos de degradación de HCH en medio líquido.............205 8.2.4 Ensayos de degradación de HCH en sobre suelo contaminado.............205 8.2.5 Extracción y análisis de los isómeros de HCH.............208 8.3 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN..............209 8.3.1 Selección de los microorganismos.............209 8.3.2 Degradación de HCH en medio líquido.............210 8.3.3 Degradación de HCH en fase sólida.............212 8.4 CONCLUSIONES.............. 220 Capítulo 9 AVANCES EN LA PROPAGACIÓN ASIMBIÓTICA IN VITRO DE ORQUÍDEAS CON ESPECIAL ÉNFASIS EN EL GÉNERO CATTLEYA Liliana R. Botero, María A. Jaramillo, Óscar O. Ossa R., Tatiana Saldarriaga F., Estefanía Ortiz R. 9.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............227 9.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS...............231 9.2.1 Evaluación de la metodología de desinfección de cápsulas de orquídeas.............231 9.2.2 Evaluación del efecto de un abono comercial y un suplemento comercial de banano............239 9.3 R ESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN..............242 9.3.1 Ensayos de desinfección...............242 9.3.2 Resultados del efecto de un abono comercial y un suplemento de banano comercial....246 9.4 CONCLUSIONES..............254 Capítulo 10 MOVILIDAD DEL BRAVONIL 720 (CLOROTALONILO) A TRAVÉS DE LA ZONA NO SATURADA Y SATURADA DE UN ACUÍFERO LIBRE SIMULADO Idalia Jacqueline López Sánchez, Gustavo Antonio Peñuela Mesa 10.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............259 10.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS...............261 10.3 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN..............269 10.4 CONCLUSIONES..............292 CUARTA PARTE SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL DEL TERRITORIO Capítulo 11 LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL COMO COMPONENTE DE SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL John Fredy López Pérez 11.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............299 11.2 UNA LECTURA DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL DESDE UN PUNTO DE VISTA SOCIAL..............300 11.3 EL CONCEPTO DE LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL...............303 11.4 LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL COMO ESPACIO PARA L A SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL.............309 11.5 ESBOZOS DE UN CASO: EL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO COLOMBIANO..............311 11.6 CONCLUSIONES..............319 Capítulo 12 DETERMINACIÓN ESPACIAL DE ÁREAS DE IMPORTANCIA ESTRATÉGICA El caso de microcuencas abastecedoras de acueductos veredales del municipio de Medellín Joaquín Hincapié, Álvaro Lema 12.1 INTRODUCCIÓN................323 12.2 LA NOCIÓN DE ÁREA DE IMPORTANCIA ESTRATÉGICA...............325 12.3 LA IDEA DE LOS SERV ICIOS AMBIENTALES..............328 12.4 ESTRATEGIA METODOLÓGICA EN LA IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS ÁREAS DE IMPORTANCIA ESTRATÉGICA............332 12.5 L OS RESULTADOS DEL MODELO...............359 12.6 CONCLUSIONES............. 361 Capítulo 13 LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL EN LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA CULTURA Luz Ángela Peña Marín, Alba Miriam Vergara Vargas 13.1 INTRODUCCIÓN..............369 13.2 APROXIMACIÓN CONCEPTUAL...............370 13.2.1 La reflexividad...............372 13.2.2 La construcción del otro...............374 13.2.3 El discurso.............. 372 13.2.4 La autonomía y la participación..............375 13.2.5 La educación ambiental y el desarrollo humano..............378 13.2.6 Base conceptual de la educación ambiental..............380 13.2.7 Contexto sociocultural..............382 13.2.8 Diagnóstico de la educación ambiental y la administración de los recursos naturales..............392 13.2.9 Criterios corporativos de educación ambiental.............394 13.3 CONCLUSIONES...............398 Capítulo 14 ENFOQUE CONCEPTUAL DE UN SISTEMA DE INDICADORES AMBIENTALES PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LOS POT: municipios del Valle de San Nicolás Oriente Antioqueño Carolina Arias Muñoz, Diana Elizabeth Valencia Londoño, Boris Puerto López 14.1 INTRODUCCIÓN...............401 14.2 ENFOQUE CONCEPTUAL DEL SISTEMA DE INDICADORES..............406 14.2.1 Primera aproximación: el enfoque de impacto ambiental..............406 14.2.2 Enfoque sistémico: de la sostenibilidad ambiental..............408 14.3 PROPUESTA FINAL DE INDICADORES E ÌNDICE DE SOSTENIBILIDAD AMBIENTAL DEL POT ISAPOT.............424 14.4 R EFLEXIONES FINALES..............42