L’enseignement mathématique dans les écoles normales primaires françaises, 1830-1848 : enjeux sociaux et culturels de la formation des maîtres d’école

Cet article est une première version en français de « Mathematics teaching in French écoles normales primaires, 1830–1848: social and cultural challenges to the training of primary school teachers », ZDM-The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 2012-5, DOI 10.1007/s11858-012-0416-z.HAL Id: halshs-00858112 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00858112 Submitted on 4 Sep 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.Résumé : Au XIXe siècle, le système d’enseignement français, mais aussi l’enseignement lui-même, est largement organisé en fonction des classes sociales auxquelles appartiennent les élèves : l’école primaire constitue l’école du peuple, et l’enseignement secondaire celle des classes aisées. C’est par rapport à ce contexte de « dualité scolaire » que cet article s’intéresse à l’enseignement mathématique dispensé dans les écoles normales primaires qui se développent en France dans les années 1830 pour former les futurs instituteurs (hommes) des écoles primaires. Quels sont, précisément, les contenus de cet enseignement ? Comment est-il organisé ? Dans quel esprit et pour quels objectifs est-il dispensé ? L’objet de cet article est de montrer comment ces établissements participent à la construction d’une culture mathématique spécifiquement primaire pour assurer l’éducation des enfants du peuple, distincte de la culture scolaire de l’enseignement secondaire

Uma nova forma de ensino de desenho na França no início do século XIX: o desenho linear

UMA NOVA FORMA DE ENSINO DE DESENHO NA FRANÇA NO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XIX: O DESENHO LINEAR Renaud d’Enfert Tradução: Maria Helena Camara Bastos Originalmente esse artigo foi publicado em M. Grandière et A. Lahalle, L'innovation dans l'enseignement français, XVIe-XXe siècle, INRP/CRDP des Pays de Loire, 2004, pp. 77-98, com o título “Une nouvelle forme d’enseignemet du dessin en France au XIX e siècle: le dessin linéaire”. Artigo autorizado para tradução e publicação pelo autor e pelo Service des publications do Institutut National de Recherche Pédagogique. As figuras foram cedidas pela Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) e autorizadas para publicação, pois são de domínio público.Resumo Inventado para as escolas mútuas, que se desenvolveram na França a partir de 1815, institucionalizado, mais tarde, na instrução primária, o “desenho linear” é uma forma alternativa de ensino do desenho que se distingue da tradição acadêmica. Este artigo coloca em evidência as condições e pretensões da popularização desse novo ensino que amplia, além do tradicional “ler, escrever, contar”, a gama de conhecimentos ensinados aos alunos. Procura também descrever as principais características desse novo modelo didático que se constitui e depois se normaliza no seio da instituição escolar em função das exigências pedagógicas e das finalidades que lhe são próprias

Une réforme à l'épreuve des réalités : le cas des « mathématiques modernes » au tournant des années 1970

Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont certaines réalités engendrées par la démocratisation de l'accès à l'enseignement du second degré dans les décennies 1950-1960 sont prises en compte par les membres de la commission Lichnerowicz, chargée de réformer l'enseignement des mathématiques entre 1967 et 1973. Il s'appuie sur les premiers résultats d'une recherche collective, soutenue par l'ANR, sur les réformes disciplinaires menées dans cette même période, pour montrer que le cas de la réforme des mathématiques modernes constitue un observatoire particulièrement pertinent pour examiner les contraintes institutionnelles et humaines qui ont pesé sur l'élaboration des contenus d'enseignement

A multifunctional, synthetic Gaussia princeps luciferase reporter for live imaging of Candida albicans infections

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Inventer une géométrie pour l'école primaire au XIXe siècle

Introduite officiellement par la loi Guizot de 1833, la géométrie enseignée à l'école primaire au XIXe siècle doit privilégier les applications pratiques et se démarquer ainsi de celle, plus théorique, enseignée dans le secondaire. Se constitue alors une géométrie bien spécifique, qui mobilise largement les activités graphiques. On retrace ici cette élaboration disciplinaire et on en montre les différents enjeux, pédagogiques, épistémologiques, voire idéologiques.Officially introduced by the Guizot law of 1833, geometry as it was taught in the primary schools in the XIXth century, must focus upon practical applications, thereby differentiating itself from the theoretical geometry taught in the secondary schools. As a result, a particular type of geometry is developed, largely calling upon draughtsmanship skills. This article unfolds the development of this disciplin

Shotgun metagenomics reveals interkingdom association between intestinal bacteria and fungi involving competition for nutrients

Comprehensive database; Diet; MicrobiomeBase de datos integral; Dieta; MicrobiomaBase de dades integral; Dieta; MicrobiomaBackground The accuracy of internal-transcribed-spacer (ITS) and shotgun metagenomics has not been robustly evaluated, and the effect of diet on the composition and function of the bacterial and fungal gut microbiome in a longitudinal setting has been poorly investigated. Here we compared two approaches to study the fungal community (ITS and shotgun metagenomics), proposed an enrichment protocol to perform a reliable mycobiome analysis using a comprehensive in-house fungal database, and correlated dietary data with both bacterial and fungal communities. Results We found that shotgun DNA sequencing after a new enrichment protocol combined with the most comprehensive and novel fungal databases provided a cost-effective approach to perform gut mycobiome profiling at the species level and to integrate bacterial and fungal community analyses in fecal samples. The mycobiome was significantly more variable than the bacterial community at the compositional and functional levels. Notably, we showed that microbial diversity, composition, and functions were associated with habitual diet composition instead of driven by global dietary changes. Our study indicates a potential competitive inter-kingdom interaction between bacteria and fungi for food foraging. Conclusion Together, our present work proposes an efficient workflow to study the human gut microbiome integrating robustly fungal, bacterial, and dietary data. These findings will further advance our knowledge of the interaction between gut bacteria and fungi and pave the way for future investigations in human mycobiome.This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action, Innovative Training Network [grant number 812969]

A High-Throughput Candida albicans Two-Hybrid System

We thank Nico Vangoethem for help with preparation of the figures and Ilse Palmans, Tom Adriany, and Selien Schots for technical assistance. Financial support was obtained from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office (IAP P7/28) and by the KU Leuven Research Council (C14/17/063). C.D. acknowledges support from the French Government’s Investissement d’Avenir program (Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID). C.A.M. and C.D. acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust (088858/Z/09/Z). C.A.M. acknowledges support from the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology (MR/N006364/1) and the University of Aberdeen.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Quelles histoires des sciences et des techniques en IUFM ?

Le texte ci-dessous comprend d’une part une présentation destinée à faire le point sur la demande institutionnelle en matière d’enseignement et de formation en histoire des sciences et des techniques, et d’autre part une synthèse de l’atelier prenant en compte « l’état des lieu » présenté en séance plénière par Pierre SAVATON. Il se termine par un bilan des responsables de l’atelier qui ont souhaité commenter les questions non véritablement élucidées. I. Un point sur la demande institutionne..

Ricin B chain targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts is degraded by a CDC48- and vacuole-independent mechanism

The B chain of ricin was expressed and delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts where it disappeared with time in a manner consistent with degradation. This turnover did not occur in the vacuoles or upon secretion. Indeed, several lines of evidence indicate that, in contrast to the turnover of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted ricin A chain in the cytosol, the bulk of expressed ricin B chain was degraded in the secretory pathway

CandidaDB: a multi-genome database for Candida species and related Saccharomycotina

CandidaDB (http://genodb.pasteur.fr/CandidaDB) was established in 2002 to provide the first genomic database for the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The availability of an increasing number of fully or partially completed genome sequences of related fungal species has opened the path for comparative genomics and prompted us to migrate CandidaDB into a multi-genome database. The new version of CandidaDB houses the latest versions of the genomes of C. albicans strains SC5314 and WO-1 along with six genome sequences from species closely related to C. albicans that all belong to the CTG clade of Saccharomycotina—Candida tropicalis, Candida (Clavispora) lusitaniae, Candida (Pichia) guillermondii, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Pichia stipitis—and the reference Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. CandidaDB includes sequences coding for 54 170 proteins with annotations collected from other databases, enriched with illustrations of structural features and functional domains and data of comparative analyses. In order to take advantage of the integration of multiple genomes in a unique database, new tools using pre-calculated or user-defined comparisons have been implemented that allow rapid access to comparative analysis at the genomic scale