A spatial model for selection and cooperation

We study the evolution of cooperation in an interacting particle system with two types. The model we investigate is an extension of a two-type biased voter model. One type (called defector) has a (positive) bias $\alpha$ with respect to the other type (called cooperator). However, a cooperator helps a neighbor (either defector or cooperator) to reproduce at rate $\gamma$. We prove that the one-dimensional nearest-neighbor interacting dynamical system exhibits a phase transition at $\alpha=\gamma$. For $\alpha>\gamma$ cooperators always die out, but if $\gamma>\alpha$, cooperation is the winning strategy.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur

Egy molekuláris Növénykórtani Vizsgálatok Céljára Javasolható Növény−Gomba Kölcsönhatás

Növénybiológiai kutatásaink egyik alapvetô modellszervezete a Nicotiana benthamiana. A faj molekuláris növénykórtani célokra történô felhasználását tovább erôsítené egy olyan növénypatogén gomba alkalmazása, mely a növényen specifi kus tüneteket okoz és laboratóriumi körülmények között könnyen és megbízhatóan használható. Munkánkban bemutatjuk, hogy a Cercospora nicotianae hemibiotróf dohánykórokozó gomba hatékonyan fertôzi a N. benthamiana egyedeit. A laboratóriumi vizsgálatok céljára eddig nem elterjedt N. benthamiana−C. nicotianae gazda−parazita kapcsolat a molekuláris növénykórtani és kórélettani kutatások kézenfekvô modellrendszere lehet

Актуальні проблеми застосування державних соціальних стандартів та гарантій в Україні

The 16.4Ma old Bogács Ignimbrite, located south of the Bükk Mountains, northern Hungary, was formed during a silicic ignimbrite flare-up in the Pannonian Basin that occurred from 20Ma to 13Ma. It comprises two main units, a lower, variably welded pumiceous and an upper, scoriaceous pyroclastic flow unit. Bulk chemistry of the juvenile clasts indicates a gradual change of geochemical character with an upward decreasing SiO 2 content through the stratigraphic section. A detailed in-situ major and trace element investigation of the main mineral phases and glasses combined with petrogenetic model calculations reveals complex magma reservoir processes. Based on the major and trace element variability, six juvenile clast types were distinguished and each contain fresh glass fractions with distinct compositions. The mineral assemblage consists of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, biotite with minor and variable amounts of quartz, amphibole, ilmenite, zircon and allanite. The anorthite content of the plagioclases varies from 20 to 90mol%, whilst the Enstatite content of orthopyroxenes covers also a wide range from 40 to 90mol%. This large compositional variation can be detected even in single crystals. This extreme geochemical variability can be explained by mixing of crystal mush bodies evolved from both basaltic and more silicic magmas. The calcic plagioclases (An=80-90mol%) and magnesian orthopyroxenes (En=70-90mol%) clearly indicate the role of primitive mafic magmas in the growth of the silicic magma reservoir, even though no basaltic volcanic activity was associated with the Miocene silicic volcanism in the Pannonian basin. The prolonged crystallization in the mushy sills resulted in compositionally different residual melt fractions that moved upwards and accumulated in separated melt pods at the roof of the magma reservoir. Intermittent intrusions of mafic and intermediate magmas into this silicic magma system could have resulted in thorough stirring of the crystal mush bodies and the melt pods, leading to eruptive products having compositionally heterogeneous glass and mineral assemblage

Green for Commons: Paths of Development in Hungary, Germany and Georgia

In the past few years public awareness of green spaces in cities has evolved. Rapid urbanization, population growth, expansion of industrial plants, among others, have led to the occupation of land by buildings, roads, contemporary constructions for different purposes. More of the left green spaces are progressively taken away, showing little consideration to the value of human life, the air quality and nature. Our cities have increasingly become central in the environmental protectionrelated processes, as they represent a focal point of sustainability, and the political and economic strategies of the countries. However, the process of transforming our cities into sustainable green cities needs to start at a local level, and this has started to become evident in different ways. People have started to seek for green areas, to think about the effects of city pollution and the value of green. They have teamed up to protect trees and green parks (e.g Stuttgart 21), to take care of the animal life and natural biotopes (e.g. FFH Directive), to help protect biodiversity or try to recover it (e.g. breeds threatened by extinction), to plan urban gardening or common gardens, to question what is in the food we consume, to show concern for the well-being of animals and plants. Moreover, people have realized that sustainability is important for communities’ survival, thus trends towards self-provider communities (e.g. with renewable energy, or food) have emerged. Different examples show that the development of green is broad and is not only limited to green spaces. This paper is based on the theory of negotiations and of common goods. It presents and discusses some planed, some successful and less successful examples of the development of green from Hungary, Germany and Georgia

Regionális fejlettségbeli különbségek vizsgálata településszinten = Regional analysis of the development differences of settlements

A kutatás során kialakítottunk egy modellt, amely a regionális versenyképességet leginkább befolyásoló mutatókat sűríti. Így megállapítható adott régió településeinek fejlettségi sorrendje, valamint adott települések fejlődésének üteme, a fejlettségi sorrendben történő elmozdulása. Az EUs, és hazai támogatások együttes befolyásoló hatásának a települések fejlettségbeli helyzetére irányuló vizsgálataink eredményei kimutatták, hogy a célirányos fejlesztések nem egyértelműen szolgálták ténylegesen egy-egy település, kistérség gazdasági fejlődését, sőt sok esetben a vizsgált időszak alatt a fejlettségbeli (KFM alapján megállapított) különbségek nőttek. A kutatás eredményei alapján a kistérségek fejlettségi szintjének megkülönböztetése: (a) a gazdasági energiával rendelkező kistérségek (hat gazdasági mutató alapján a regionális átlag feletti fejlettség), (b) társadalmi energiával rendelkező kistérségek (gazdasági mutatók fejlesztése), (c) infrastrukturális energiával rendelkező kistérségek (többnyire szintén a gazdasági szféra fejlesztése), (d) a környezeti energiával rendelkező kistérségek (gazdasági és társadalmi szféra fejlesztése). A Balaton part menti és háttértelepülések számára a turizmus mellett más gazdasági fejlesztésekre is szükség van a vizsgált településeken, amelyek szoros összefogása és „interregionális” fellépése kulcstényező a támogatási források minél hatékonyabb elérése érdekében. | A model of a complex indicator for regional competitiveness level of settlements was formed, by compressing different most influencing factors. Thus the rank of order of the settlements situated in certain region and also the development rate and restructuring of the rank can be defined. The results of the analysis on the influence of EU and domestic subsidies showed no evident positive results of directed investments on the on the development status (based on CDI) of settlements or sub-regions; even in many cases the difference deepened. Four development categories were formed for sub-regions: (a) sub-regions with economic power (performing above the regional average based on six indicators), (b) sub-regions with social power (development of economic sphere), (c) sub-regions with infrastructural power (development of economic sphere mostly), (d) sub-regions with environmental power (development of both economic and social spheres). For the development of shore-line and background settlements of lake Balaton additional economic development other than that of the tourism sector is necessary, where also cooperation and “inter-regional” activity of the settlements and sub-regions is necessary in order to use grants of the EU and the Hungarian government as effectively as possible