Kartiranje ranljivosti kraških izvirov in uporaba tega za določitev vodovarstvenih območij (kraško pogorje Mecsek, Madžarska)

Over the past decade or two, vulnerability mapping become a useful tool to determine the sensitivity of karst aquifers and allows the analysis of karstic aquifers affected by human activities. The Tettye Catchment, one of the eight catchments of the Mecsek Karst aquifer (SW Hungary), supplies drinking water for Pécs, the fifth most populous city in Hungary. However, due to its partly urbanized character and heterogeneous karstic features, this catchment is highly sensitive to anthropogenic impacts. In this study we aimed to generate resource vulnerability maps and risk maps to assess the role of physical and anthropogenic factors on groundwater vulnerability in the Mecsek Karst. Two formerly validated methods were used, the COP (Concentration, Overlaying layers and Precipitation) and SA (Slovene Approach) methods. The resource vulnerability maps, validated by former tracer tests, were combined with the hazard map obtained from the COST action 620 and EU Water Directive to generate risk maps. Tracer-based transit times were commonly less than 20 days in the majority of the areas of extreme vulnerability. During the current study, a new protocol has been elaborated for the delineation of the protection zones of karstic aquifers. Comparing the two methods, the SA performed better in terms of intrinsic vulnerability mapping, as it had a higher spatial resolution and was more detailed than the COP map and had a more sophisticated vulnerability indexing. In addition, high spatial correlation was revealed between the transit time maps and the SA map. Reassessed risk zonation, with appropriate legal consequences, likely minimizes undesired human activities within the zone of protection, hence maintaining water quality that complies with the protection actsV zadnjem desetletju ali dveh je kartiranje ranljivosti postalo uporabno orodje za določanje ranljivosti kraških vodonosnikov, poleg tega omogoča analizo kraških vodonosnikov, na katere vplivajo človekove dejavnosti. Zaledje izvira Tettye, eno od osmih zaledij vodonosnika kraškega pogorja Mecsek (jugozahodna Madžarska), oskrbuje s pitno vodo mesto Pécs, peto mesto na Madžarskem po številu prebivalcev. Zaradi svoje delne urbaniziranosti in heterogenih kraških značilnosti pa je to zaledje zelo občutljivo na antropogene učinke. Cilj te študije je bil izdelati karte ranljivosti vodnih virov in karte tveganja za oceno, kakšno vlogo imajo fizični in antropogeni dejavniki na ranljivost podzemne vode na kraškem pogorju Mecsek. Uporabljeni sta bili dve predhodno potrjeni metodi, in sicer metoda COP (koncentracija toka, prekrivne plasti in padavine) in metoda Slovenski pristop. Karte ranljivosti vodnih virov, preverjene s predhodnimi sledilnimi poskusi, so bile združene s kartami obremenjevalcev, narejenimi na podlagi Okvirne vodne direktive Evropske unije oziroma projekta COST Action 620, da so nastale karte tveganja. Zadrževalni časi, pridobljeni na podlagi sledilnih poskusov, so bili na večini območij izjemne ranljivosti običajno krajši od 20 dni. V okviru te študije je bil izdelan nov protokol za določanje vodovarstvenih območij kraških vodonosnikov. Iz primerjave obeh metod je razvidno, da se je Slovenski pristop bolje obnesel z vidika kartiranja naravne ranljivosti, saj je imel višjo prostorsko ločljivost in je bil podrobnejši kot zemljevid po metodi COP, poleg tega je imel bolj izpopolnjeno indeksiranje ranljivosti. Ob tem je bila razkrita visoka prostorska korelacija med kartami potovalnih časov in karto po Slovenskempristopu. Ponovno ocenjeno coniranje tveganja z ustreznimi pravnimi posledicami verjetno zmanjšuje nezaželene človekove dejavnosti na varovanem območju, s čimer se ohranja kakovost vode, kar je skladno s predpisi o varovanju

Dunántúli árterek tájszerkezetének és földhasználatának tájföldrajzi értékelése = Landscape geographical evaluation of landscape pattern and land use in the floodplains of Transdanubia, Hungary

A kutatás célja közepes és kisméretű vízfolyások ártereinek tájökológiai tanulmányozása volt a Dél-Dunántúl dombsági és hegységi (mecseki) területén. A vizsgálatok kiindulópontja az árterek megközelítően természetes (közvetlenül a folyószabályozások előtti) geomorfológiai állapotának minél pontosabb rekonstrukciója volt. A Kapos és a Bükkösdi-víz árterének egykori határvonalát háromféle módszer alkalmazásával határoztuk meg. A manuálisan végrehajtott térképi rekonstrukcióhoz képest a legjobb eredményt az MrVBF módszer adja. Azonosítottuk az ártéren kimutatható medermaradványokat, amelyek a belvízelöntést és a tájszerkezetet jelentősen befolyásolják. Új eljárást, a hossz-szelvény mutatót (LPI) dolgoztunk ki az árterek szakaszolására és tipizálására, amely egyaránt figyelembe veszi a folyómeder jellegét, helyzetét az ártéren, valamint a folyóvölgy morfometriai karakterét. A hullámtér és a mentesített ártér közötti tájökológiai összeköttetések erősségét vizsgáltuk egy Magyarországon még nem alkalmazott eljárás, a csomópontok módszere segítségével. Az árterek elöntésveszélyeztetettségét térinformatikai értékelő módszerekkel becsültük meg. Ellenőrzésként eredményeinket össze tudtuk hasonlítani a 2010 májusi-júniusi, rendhagyó esőzések miatti belvízelöntésekkel. Az eredmények alátámasztják, hogy a közepes és a kisméretű árterek műtárgyait és termőföldjeit is veszélyeztetik a villámárvizek). | Research was aimed at the landscape ecological study of floodplains along watercourses in the hill regions and (Mecsek) mountains of Southern Transdanubia. The investigations started with the accurate reconstruction of immediately pre-regulation geomorphological conditions of floodplains. The original extension of the floodplains of the selected watercourses (the Kapos as a river of medium size and the Bükkösd Stream as a small stream) was established through three approaches. The MrVBF index was found to to be most reliable. Map reconstructions and soil analyses were employed for the identification of old channel traces on the protected floodplain, indispensable for the study of inundation hazard and landscape pattern. A Longitudinal Profile Index (LPI) of floodplains was developed for describing and typifying floodplain sections through the character of the river, its position in the floodplain and the morphometry of the enclosing valley. The connectedness between landscape pattern in the active and the protected floodplain was surveyed using the knodes and links method, not yet applied in Hungary. GIS evaluation techniques were used to estimate inundation hazard in floodplains, tested against inundated areas after the May-June 2010 extreme rainfall events. The results show that even the floodplains (man-made structures and agricultural lands) along small to medium-size watercourses are endangered by flooding (flash floods)

Soils of the southern slopes of the Villány Hills, SW Hungary

A tanulmány a Villányi-hegység talajait mutatja be topográfiai helyzetük és az antropogén hatás változó erősségének tükrében a WRB osztályozás alapján

Monitoring soil moisture dynamics in multilayered Fluvisols

The identification of drought-sensitive areas (DSAs) in floodplain Fluvisols of high textural pedodiversity is crucial for sustainable land management purposes. During extended drought periods moisture replenishment is only available by capillary rise from the groundwater. However, moisture flux is often hindered by capillary barriers in the interface between layers of contrasting textures. The results of HYDRUS-1D simulations run on multilayered soil profiles were integrated into textural maps to determine the spatial distribution of water dynamics on the floodplain of the Drava River (SW Hungary). Model runs and field data revealed limited moisture replenishment by capillary rise when both contrasting textural interfaces and sandy layers are present in the profile. By implementing these textural and hydraulic relations, a drought vulnerability map (DSA map) of the operational area of the Old Drava Programme (ODP) was developed. According to the spatial distribution of soils of reduced capillary rise, 52% of the ODP area is likely threatened by droughts. Our model results are adaptable for optimisation of land- and water-management practices along the floodplains of low-energy and medium-sized rivers under humid continental and maritime climates

HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LOWER HUNGARIAN DRAVA SECTION AND ITS FLOODPLAIN

The hydromorphological properties of rivers and their floodplains receive increased attention both in basic research and water management. A comparison of hydromorphological parameters before and after river regulation (involving floodplain drainage) provides important information for river management, particularly floodplain rehabilitation. The paper assesses a selected reach of the Drava River and the corresponding floodplain utilising two international approaches, the REFORM framework and the Italian Morphological Quality Index

Landscape shape index, as a potencial indicator of urban development in Hungary

The study of settlement shape, morphology and structure is a classic topic of urban geography. Since the 1960s multiple shape indices have been developed. Urban patterns were then compared with geometric forms or, alternatively their temporal changes were tracked and analysed. In the current study we adapted the landscape shape index (LSI) to analyse the historical shape development of eight Hungarian cities. The LSI is capable to demonstrate the functional and mutual relationship between the developed area and their immediate physical and natural environment. Over the past 230 years the land area of the studied cities has increased manifold for several reasons: on average, an areal increase of 10.4 to 24.5 was observed for the eight settlements, while their perimeter increased by 8.8 to 30.3 times. Simultaneously with their size growth, the studied cities are characterized by an increasingly fragmented and dissected ground plans. Consequently, due to the longer border between the developed areas and the adjacent natural zones, urban areas have become increasingly sensitive to environmental effects over the past century, while mutual ecological and environmental interactions has also considerably increased between the adjoining zones. In general, cities of hilly and low-mountain areas had the highest LSIs, whereas cities located on relatively flat grounds had comparatively low LSIs. We also investigated the rank correlation of the historical change of LSI of the studied settlements. Cities of high positive correlations (> 0.9) were classified into two major categories. Miskolc, Pécs, Szeged and Kecskemét belonged to the group of higher LSIs, whereas Székesfehérvár and Nyíregyháza fell into the class of medium LSIs and the third category included Debrecen and Győr, cities of low (< 0.9) LSIs. Based on the temporal trends of the LSIs, our results provide applicable information for decision makers in order to monitor, manage and track their investments, city management policies and infrastructural development strategies

Interpretation of soil quality indicators for land suitability assessment – a multivariate approach for Central European arable soils

Soils and their functions are critical to ensuring the provision of various ecosystem services. Many authors nevertheless argue that there is a lack of satisfactory operational methods for quantifying the contributions of soils to the supply of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is difficult to automate and standardize the mathematical and statistical methods for the selection of indicators and their scoring. Our objective is the development of a novel soil quality and ecological indicator selection and scoring method based on a database representing the most common Hungarian soils typical for arable lands of Central Europe (Chernozems, Phaeozems, Luvisols, Cambisols, Gleysols, Solonetz, Arenosols). For evaluation purposes, soil texture, depth to groundwater table, soil organic matter (SOM), pH, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), electrical conductivity (EC), Na, available N, P, K, Mg, S, Cu, Zn and Mn of 1045 plots representing a total land area of about 5000 ha at 0–30 cm layer were analyzed. We classified the samples into 25 soil types. Using correlation, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis the direction and strength of the intercorrelation of indicators and their combinations were determined. Indicators were classified into the following categories: (1) indicators that characterize nutrient retention and cation exchange capacity: texture, SOM, EC and Na; (2) available nutrients, relatively independent from management practices: K, Mg, Cu; (3) indicators that determine base saturation: pH, CCE, available Mn; (4) highly variable available nutrients: N, S, P, Zn. By reviewing the results of Hungarian long-term experiments, we interpreted the soil indicators as a function of agricultural suitability. Following the parameterized and non-linear interpretation of the indicators, we analysed the variance of soils, in terms of their agricultural land suitability. According to the intercorrelation of input indicators and variance of scored indicators the minimum data set for soil quality assessment includes texture, depth of groundwater table, SOM, pH, Na, available K, P and Zn. In order to further advance our soil quality assessment model, our following goals target the determination the hierarchical ranking and grouping of soil parameters in a combined manner