Valsartan (Profiles of Drugs Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology)

Valsartan is an antihypertensive drug which selectively inhibits angiotensin receptor type II. This tetrazole derivative was first developed by Novartis and marketed under brand name Diovan® . This compound is orally active and is rapidly absorbed after oral doses, having a bioavailability of approximately 23% . Valsartan appears as a white or almost white hygroscopic powder. This compound must be kept in an air-tight container and should be protected from light and heat. It is available in film-coated tablets containing valsartan 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg, and capsules with dosage of 80 or 160 mg. Tablet combinations of valsartan with hydrochlorothiazide or amlodipine are also availabl

Vyluhovatelnost Cs z různých typů minerálních fází

Import 20/04/2006Prezenční výpůjčkaVŠB - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrství. Katedra (619) fyzikální chemie a teorie technologických pochod

Autonomous learning using a computer

W tej pracy podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób należy przygotować uczniów do rozwijania autonomicznej nauki oraz do jej wspierania w późniejszym etapie. Obecna praca ma na celu wskazanie możliwości korzystania z komputera, które zachęcają do umiejętności samodzielnej pracy.In this work an attempt to answer the question, how should prepare students to develop the autonomous learning and its support at a later stage. The present work aims to identify opportunities for the use of the computer, that encourage independent work skills.In dieser Arbeit wird versucht eine Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, auf welche Art und Weise man die Schüler vorbereiten sollte, um das autonome Lernen zu entwickeln und auf der späteren Etappe zu unterstützen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel auf die Möglichkeiten der Nutzung des Computers hinzuweisen, die die Fähigkeiten der selbständigen Arbeit fördern

Pharmacokinetics of valsartan in hypertensive patients on long-term haemodialysis

Background: Previous studies have indicated no relationship between renal function (creatinine clearance) and the pharmacokinetics of valsartan in patients with moderately impaired renal function. There are no pharmacokinetic data available for valsartan in patients on long-term haemodialysis. Objective: To examine the pharmacokinetics of valsartan 80mg in hypertensive patients on long-term haemodialysis. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of valsartan in this patient group. Design: Multicentre, nonblind, parallel-group study. Participants. 20 hypertensive patients with no renal impairment and 20 hypertensive patients on long-term haemodialysis. Methods: All patients were treated with valsartan 80mg once daily for 15 days. After the first dose of valsartan and at the end of the treatment period, plasma concentrations of valsartan were determined over 24 hours. Results: Significant differences in the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to 24 hours (AUC24h) at steady state were found between the patients on haemodialysis and those with normal renal function. In contrast, no differences were found for AUC24h during first-dose pharmacokinetics or for maximum plasma concentration and elimination half-life during first-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics. Blood pressure decreased significantly in both groups, but the reduction in systolic blood pressure was greater in patients on haemodialysis (18mm Hg) than in the control group (6mm Hg). Valsartan 80mg was well tolerated in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetic characteristics of valsartan are altered in patients on haemodialysis under steady-state conditions, but not after single-dose administration. The increased bioavailability at steady state was still in the range of the bioavailability for the approved dose of up to 160mg in patients with or without renal impairment. Valsartan 80 mg/day was well tolerated in this patient population