Vitamin A in diets for Nile tilapia.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Dietary vitamin supplementation decrease stress caused by high stocking density, and boosts immunological system of farmed fish. A studied was carried out to determine vitamin A requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an all male group (13.8 ± 1.2 g) and a mixed sex population (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Fish stocked in 100-L plastic aquaria (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) were fed to near satiety, twice a day, seven days a week, during 75 days with vitamin A-free, semi-purified diets supplemented with 0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; 2,400; 3,000; 3,600; 4,200; 4,800 and 5,400 International Units (IU) of retinyl palmitate (30% vitamin A) per kg of diet in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiency signs of vitamin A were observed in fish fed 0 to 1.200 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; moderate signs were observed in fish fed diets with 1.800 to 3.600 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; no interactions group*level (p 0.05). A group effect was observed regarding all performance variables (p 0,05). Foi observado efeito de grupo no desempenho dos peixes (p < 0,0001). Foi detectado o retinol hepático através de HPLC somente no grupo alimentado com 5.400 UI de retinol kg-1 de dieta, caracterizando assim que o mesmo foi utilizado e armazenado. A quantidade de 5.400 IU de retinol kg-1 de dieta é a mínima recomendada para tilápia do Nilo.666751756Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP_Brasi

A natureza da ciência na escola básica : enfrentando obstáculos na construção de narrativas históricas

Objetivando discutir aspectos na natureza da ciência na educação científica foram utilizados episódios da história da ciência para a criação de uma seqüência didática. A busca pela harmonização entre os distintos campos do saber, na elaboração das atividades e das narrativas históricas, materializou certos obstáculos previstos pela dimensão teórica, requerendo fazer escolhas e assumir riscos na construção dos saberes escolares. Esse trabalho discute a superação desses obstáculos pedagógicos, históricos e epistemológicos, tanto na elaboração quanto na implementação da proposta na sala de aula

Enriquecimento de tilápias alimentadas com fontes de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados da série N-3.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, a composição química e a composição em ácidos graxos de tilápias vermelhas (Oreochromis sp.) alimentadas com dietas enriquecidas com fontes de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados

Effects of different resistance training frequencies on flexibility in older women

Objective The main purpose of the investigation reported here was to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed at different weekly frequencies on flexibility in older women. Participants and methods Fifty-three older women (≥60 years old) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (n=28; group “G2x”), or three (n=25; group “G3x”) times per week. The RT program comprised eight exercises in which the participants performed one set of 10–15 repetitions maximum for a period of 12 weeks. Anthropometric, body-composition, and flexibility measurements were made at baseline and post-study. The flexibility measurements were obtained by a fleximeter. Results A significant group-by-time interaction (P\u3c0.01) was observed for frontal hip flexion, in which G3x showed a higher increase than G2x (+12.8% and +3.0%, respectively). Both groups increased flexibility in cervical extension (G2x=+19.1%, G3x=+20.0%), right hip flexion (G2x=+14.6%, G3x=+15.9%), and left hip flexion (G2x=+25.7%, G3x=+19.2%), with no statistical difference between groups. No statistically significant differences were noted for the increase in skeletal muscle mass between training three versus two times a week (+7.4% vs +4.4%, respectively). Conclusion Twelve weeks of RT improves the flexibility of different joint movements in older women, and the higher frequency induces greater increases for frontal hip flexion

Digestible energy, protein, and energy?protein ratio requirements of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum.

The use of novel aquaculture species depends on the determination of their nutritional requirements. This study aims at determining dietary protein, energy, and protein?energy ratio requirements of juvenile striped surubim, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, an economically important carnivorous South American catfish for capture fisheries and highly regarded for fish farming purpose

Cálculo da carga térmica em sistemas de ventilação e ar condicionado

Devido à insuficiência de rotinas informatizadas para cálculo da carga térmica  e  sistemas de ventilação e ar condicionado, os cálculos são feitos tomando-se usualment por base a literatura disponível em livros sobre o tema, o que acarreta um temp excessivo para a realização dos cálculos, além do que a bibliografia disponível nã apresenta evolução quanto aos novos materiais empregados nas construções, bem com emprega coeficientes de cálculo superdimensionados, acarretando consumo excessivo d energia nos sistemas de ventilação e condicionamento. Por outro lado, as rotina informatizadas ou são complexas e com custo elevado de aquisição, ou apresenta resultados incompletos quando disponibilizadas para o usuário. O projeto tem por objetiv o desenvolvimento de uma rotina para cálculo da carga térmica utilizando ferramenta computacionais geradas a partir dos programas EXCEL e ACESS em que serã incorporadas metodologias mais refinadas de cálculo, bem como a utilização de  bibliotecas mais         atualizadas        tanto     de        materiais           quanto  de           parâmetros       de dimensionamento. Como resultado final pretende-se ter uma rotina de cálculo de fác utilização por engenheiros e estudantes de engenharia e que possa também se atualizada periodicamente.

How much syntax is there in Metalinguistic Negation?

This paper explores the syntax of unambiguous metalinguistic negation (MN) markers in European Portuguese (EP) with the main goal of demonstrating the syntactic import of MN. Taking the EP facts as a means to gain insight into the grammatical encoding of MN in natural language, the paper shows that unambiguous MN markers split into two types: peripheral and internal. This split is confirmed by their contrasting behavior with respect to different syntactic tests, e.g.: availability in isolation and nominal fragments; ability to take scope over negation and emphatic/contrastive high constituents; compatibility with VP Ellipsis. Peripheral MN markers respond positively to all the tests, whereas internal ones respond negatively. These facts are derived from a syntactic analysis where CP plays a central and unifying role. It is proposed that while the cross-linguistically pervasive peripheral MN markers directly merge into Spec,CP, the more unusual sentence-internal MN markers are rooted in the TP domain and reach Spec,CP by movement. The centrality of the CP field is motivated by elaborating on Farkas and Bruce’s (2010) model of polarity features. Under the hypothesis that besides the relative polarity features [same] and [reverse], there is a feature [objection] that singles out MN declaratives among responding assertions, this is taken to be the edge feature that drives unambiguous MN markers into the CP space.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Fatigue Resistance in Men and Women

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hypertrophy-type resistance training (RT) on upper limb fatigue resistance in young adult men and women. Fifty-eight men (22.7±3.7 years, 70.6±9.3 kg, and 176.8±6.4 cm) and 65 women (21.6±3.7 years, 58.8±11.9 kg, and 162.6±6.2 cm) underwent RT for 16 weeks. Training consisted of 10–12 whole body exercises with 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions maximum performed 3 times per week. Before and after the RT intervention participants were submitted to 1RM testing, as well as a fatigue protocol consisting of 4 sets at 80% 1RM on bench press (BP) and arm curl (AC). The sum of the number of repetitions accomplished in the 4 sets in each exercise was used to indicate fatigue resistance. There was a significant (p\u3c0.05) time-by-group interaction in 1RM BP (men=+16%, women=+26%), however in 1RM AC no significant time-by-group interaction was observed (men=+14%, women=+23%). For the total number of repetitions, men and women showed a significant increase in BP (men=+16.3%, women=+10.5%) with no time-by-group interaction. The results suggest that the adaptation in maximal strength is influenced by sex in BP. On the other hand, for fatigue resistance, the individual’s sex does not seem to influence outcomes either in BP or AC