Agreement between dual x-ray absorptiometers using pencil beam and fan beam: indicators of bone health and whole-body plus appendicular tissue composition in adult athletes

OBJECTIVE: The current study was aimed to examine intra-individual variation on indicators of bone health in addition to whole-body plus appendicular tissue measurements using two concurrent assessments based on pencil beam and fan beam dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) systems in adult athletes from several sports. METHOD: Thirty-two male participants (27.6±10.1 years) were measured on anthropometry including multifrequency bioelectric impedance and air-displacement plethysmography. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, fat and lean soft tissue were derived using pencil beam (Lunar DPX-MD+) and fan beam (Lunar iDXA) absorptiometry. Bone mineral density (BMD) was obtained for the femoral neck, trochanter and triangle of ward. Finally, the right thigh was defined as a region of interest (ROI). Analyses comprised intra-class correlation (ICC), Effect size (d) from mean differences of repeated measurements, coefficient of variation (CV) RESULTS: ICC were >0.900 for all measurements. Intra-individual differences were large for BMC (d=1,312; CV=2,7%), bone area (d=1,761; CV=2,7%), fat tissue (d=1,612; CV=11%) and all indicators of appendicular lean soft tissue (d=1,237-1687; CV=2,0-4,1%). A very large difference (d=4,014; CV=8.4%) was diagnosed for lean soft tissue of the ROI. CONCLUSION: Although differences among concurrent instruments for BMC and bone area, the effect size of mean differences was negligible for BMD. Fat and lean soft tissue derived from DXA should be interpreted as reference values (not criterion) due to equipment-related variation, more apparently in the ROI values.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Confiabilidade do teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos em crianças e adolescentes de 7‐12 anos de idade

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a confiabilidade do teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos em crianças e adolescentes de 7‐12 anos de idade. Método: Participaram do presente estudo 95 escolares de ambos os sexos (54 meninos e 41 meninas) do município de Londrina‐PR, com idade média de 9.4 ± 1.8 anos; massa corporal 31.7 ± 13.1 kg e estatura 137.0 ± 15.2 cm. Os sujeitos realizaram o teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos em uma pista de atletismo em 2 momentos, sendo separados por uma semana de intervalo entre cada medida, para avaliação do teste‐reteste. A confiabilidade foi testada por testes estatísticos para esta finalidade considerando uma significância de 5%. Resultados: O teste de 9 minutos apresentou um erro técnico de medida absoluto = 110.4 m e relativo = 9.1% e uma variação de 12.5%. Uma confiabilidade de r = 0.85 e a maioria dos resultados apresentaram‐se dentro dos limites de concordância 95% (magnitude de 21.1 ± 304.9 m). Conclusão: Com base nos resultados observou‐se que o teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos apresenta resultados aceitáveis em relação aos cálculos realizados para verificação da confiabilidade em escolares de 7‐12 anos de idade

Physical Fitness Diagnosis In Schoolchildren Of High Socioeconomic Status: Evaluation For Health Criterion Reference [diagnóstico Da Aptidão Física Em Escolares De Alto Nível Socioeconômico: Avaliação Referenciada Por Critérios De Saúde]

Regular practice of systematized physical activities in childhood and adolescence may strongly favor the development or maintenance of suitable levels of physical fitness, decreasing hence the risk of incidence of several chronic-degenerative dysfunctions in early ages. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the body adiposity as well as the motor performance in high socio-economical status children, according to an evaluation for health criterion reference. Therefore, 511 students (274 boys and 237 girls), age between 7-10 years were submitted to anthropometrical measurements of body weight, height and skinfolds thickness (tricipital and subscapular) as well as the following motor tests: sitting and reaching (SR); modified abdominal (ABD) and 9 minute-run/walk (9MIN). The data were analyzed according to the cutting points suggested by the Physical Best (1988). Concerning body adiposity; a higher number of students were verified above (33% of boys and 15% of girls, P 0.05) reached the adopted cutting points. When analyzed together, it was observed that only 15% of the boys and 21% of the girls (P > 0.05) presented satisfactory results in the three motor tests used. The high prevalence of children who were above the health criteria for the body fat amount, associated with the low proportion of subjects who fulfilled the established criteria in the used motor tests group, show that the physical fitness level found in the students investigated is fairly below the expectation. The results suggest the need of developing health educational programs which stimulate more effective participation of young individuals in physical exercise and sports programs of different nature, especially at school environment where a great amount of life habits is established.1327176Morris, J.N., Exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease: Today's best buy in public health (1994) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26, pp. 807-814Morton, B.G.S., Taylor, W.C., Snider, S.A., Huang, I.W., Fulton, J.E., Observed levels of elementary and middle school children's physical activity during physical education classes (1994) Prev Med, 3, pp. 437-441Boreham, C., Riddoch, C., The physical activity, fitness and health of children (2001) J Sports Sci, 19, pp. 915-929Tammelin, T., Näyhä, S., Laitinen, J., Rintamäki, H., Järvelin, M.R., Physical activity and social status in adolescence as predictors of physical inactivity in adulthood (2003) Prev Med, 37, pp. 375-381Eisenmann, J.C., Bartee, R.T., Wang, M.Q., Physical activity, TV viewing, and weight in U.S. Youth: 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2002) Obes Res, 10, pp. 379-385Janz, K.F., Levy, S.M., Burns, T.L., Torner, J.C., Willing, M.C., Warren, J.J., Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: The Iowa Bone Development Study (2002) Prev Med, 35, pp. 563-571Santiago, L.M., Sá, O., Carvalho, I.M., Rocha, M.G., Palmeiro, L., Mesquita, E.P., Hipercolesterolemia e factores de risco cardiovascular associados, em crianças e adolescentes. (2002) Rev Port Cardiol, 21, pp. 301-313Guedes, D.P., Guedes, J.E.R.P., Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes: Avaliação referenciada por critério. (1995) Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde, 1, pp. 27-38Corbin, C.B., Pangrazi, R.P., Are American children and youth fit? (1992) Res Q Exerc Sport, 63, pp. 96-106Glaner, M.F., Nível de atividade física e aptidão física relacionada à saúde em rapazes rurais e urbanos (2002) Rev Paul Educ Fís, 16, pp. 76-85Serassuelo Júnior, H., Rodrigues, A.R., Cyrino, E.S., Ronque, E.R.V., Oliveira, S.R.S., Simões, A.C., Aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares de baixo nível socioeconômico do município de Cambé/PR. (2005) Rev Educ Fís Uem, 16, pp. 7-13Poletto AR. Hábitos de vida, estado nutricional, perfil de crescimento e aptidão física referenciada à saúde: subsídios para o planejamento de educação física e esporte na escola cidadã. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2001Guedes C. Estudo associativo do nível socioeconômico com os hábitos de vida, indicadores de crescimento e aptidão física relacionados à saúde. Dissertação (Mestrado) Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 2002Pezzetta, O.M., Lopes, A.S., Pires Neto, C.S., Indicadores de aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares do sexo masculino. (2002) Rev Bras Cine Des Hum, 5 (2), pp. 7-14Prista, A., Marques, A., Maia, J., Relationship between physical activity, socioeconomic status and physical fitness of 8-15 year old youth from Mozambique (1997) Am J Hum Biol, 9, pp. 449-457Lopes, V.P., Monteiro, A.M., Barbosa, T., Magalhães, P.M., Maia, J.A.R., Actividade física habitual em crianças. Diferenças entre rapazes e raparigas (2001) Rev Port Ciên Desporto, 1, pp. 53-60Dietz, W.H., Gortmaker, S.L., Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents (1985) Pediatrics, 75, pp. 807-812Gortmaker, S., Must, A., Sobol, A., Peterson, K., Colditz, G., Dietz, W., Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990 (1996) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 150, pp. 356-362Silva, R.R., Malina, R.M., Sobrepeso, atividade física e tempo de televisão entre adolescentes de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2003) Rev Bras Ci Mov, 11, pp. 63-66Hancox, R.J., Poulton, R., Watching television is associated with childhood obesity: But is it clinically important? (2006) Int J Obes, 30, pp. 171-175Ross WD, Marfell-Jones MJ. Kinanthropometry. In: MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Green HS, editors. Physiological testing of the elite athlete. Ithaca: Mouvement Publications, 1982;75-115Eveleth, P.H., Tanner, J.M., (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, , 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressAlmeida, P.M., Wickerhauser, H., (1991) O critério ABA-ABIPEME: Em busca de uma atualização, , São PauloGordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual, pp. 3-8. , Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors, Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksHarrison, G.G., Buskirk, E.R., Carter, L.J.E., Johnston, F.E., Lohman, T.G., Pollock, M.L., Skinfold thicknesses and measurement technique (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual, pp. 55-70. , Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors, Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksAAHPERD. Physical Best. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1988Armstrong, N., Balding, J., Gentle, P., Kirby, B., Estimation of coronary risk factors in British schoolchildren: A preliminary report (1990) Br J Sports Med, 24, pp. 61-66Sallis, J.F., Simons-Morton, B.G., Stone, E.J., Corbin, C.B., Epstein, L.H., Faucette, N., Determinants of physical activity and intervention in youth (1992) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24, pp. 248s-257sSilva, M.A.M., Rivera, R.I., Ferraz, M.R.M.T., Pinheiro, A.J.T., Alves, S.W.S., Moura, A.A., Prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Maceió. (2005) Arq Bras Cardiol, 84, pp. 387-392Berkey, C.S., Rockett, H.R., Field, A.E., Gillman, M.W., Frazier, A.L., Camargo Jr, C.A., Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls (2000) Pediatrics, 105 (4), pp. E56Yang, X., Telama, R., Viikari, J., Raitakari, O.T., Risk of obesity in relation to physical activity tracking from youth to adulthood (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38, pp. 915-925Nelson, M.C., Gordon-Larsen, P., Adair, L.S., Popkin, B.M., Adolescent physical activity and sedentary behavior patterning and long-term maintenance (2005) Am J Prev Med, 28, pp. 259-266Huang, Y.C., Malina, R.M., Physical activity and health-related physical fitness in Taiwanese adolescents (2002) J Physiol Anthropol, 21, pp. 11-19Ronque, E.R.V., Cyrino, E.S., Dórea, V.R., Serassuelo Jr, H., Galdi, E.H.G., Arruda, M., Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de alto nível socioeconômico em Londrina, Paraná, Brasil (2005) Rev Nutr, 18 (6), pp. 709-717(1995) Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry, , World Health Organization, Geneva: WHOBall, G.D.C., MacCargar, L.J., Childhood obesity in Canada: A review of prevalence estimates and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (2003) Can J Appl Physiol, 28, pp. 117-140Hooper, C.A., Gruber, M.B., Munoz, K.D., MacConnie, S.E., Pfingston, Y.M., Nguyen, K., Relationship of blood cholesterol to body composition, physical fitness, and dietary intake measures in third-grade children and their parents (2001) Res Q Exerc Sport, 72, pp. 182-188Bjorntorp, P., Classification of obese patients and complications related to the distribution of surplus fat (1987) Am J Clin Nutr, 45, pp. 1120-1125Monteiro, C.A., Conde, W.L., Tendência secular da desnutriçã o e da obesidade na infância na cidade de São Paulo (1974-1996). (2000) Rev Saúde Públ, 34, pp. 52-61Doak, C.M., Adair, L.S., Monteiro, C., Popkin, B.M., Overweight and underweight co-exist within households in Brazil, China and Russia (2000) J Nutr, 130, pp. 2965-2971Pate, R.R., Pratt, M., Blair, S.N., Haskell, W.L., Macera, C.A., Bouchard, C., Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine (1995) JAMA, 273, pp. 402-407Cardon, G., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D., Clercq, D.D., Philippaerts, R., Verstraete, S., Geldhof, E., Physical fitness, physical activity, and self-reported back and neck pain in elementary schoolchildren (2004) Pediatr Exerc. 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Anthropometric And Motor Performance Characteristics Of Futsal Athletes In Different Categories [características Antropométricas E De Desempenho Motor De Atletas De Futsal Em Diferentes Categorias]

The objective of this study was to analyze the anthropometric characteristics of young futsal (five-a-side soccer) players and to make comparisons between different competitive categories. To this end, 232 male athletes aged 8 to 18 years, playing in the following categories: under-9 (8-9 years; n = 56), under-11 (10-11 years; n = 62), under-13 (12-13 years; n = 36), under-15 (14-15 years; n = 29), under-17 (16-17 years; n = 35) and under-19 (18 years; n = 14), underwent anthropometric measurement to obtain body mass (MB), height, middle-upper arm circumference and skin fold thicknesses (triceps and subscapular). Based on these measurements, body mass index (BMI), sum of skin folds thickness (ΣSF), relative body fat (% fat) and muscular area of the arm (MAB) were all calculated. Motor performance was analyzed based on the results of the following tests: modified 1-minute abdominal (ABD), horizontal impulse (HI), 9/12 minute walk/run (9/12 min) and medicine ball throw (MB). Categories were compared using one-way ANOVA, followed by Scheffé's post hoc test when p<0.05. Canonical discriminant functions were used to analyze groupings across different ages in terms of specific characteristics (BMI, ΣSF, % fat; ABD, HI and MB). The MB results increased significantly in all categories, reaching a plateau in the under-17 and under- 19 categories. The under-9 and under-11 categories were different from all others in terms of MAB and the under-13s and under-15s were different from the under-17s and under-19s for the same measure. The % fat reduced as age increased, differing significantly form the under-11 category onwards. Test results for ABD and MB were significantly lower in the under-9 and under-11 categories than in all others. Under-15, under-17 and under-19 categories had better HI and 9/12 min results than the remaining categories. It was concluded that young futsal players can be classified as within the normal profile of the population with the same age, both in terms of anthropometric characteristics and motor performance.93297302Santana, W.C., (2006) Contextualização histórica do futsal, , http://www.pedagogiadofutsal.com.br/historia.asp, Disponível em, [2007 maio 10](1369) Futsal and beach soccer enjoying rising interest, FIFA research shows, , http://www.fifa.com/en/media/index/0122047,00.html, FIFA, 2006Disponível em, [2007 maio 10]Santana, W.C., Reis, H.H.B., Ribeiro, D.A., A iniciação de jogadores de futsal com participação na seleção brasileira (2006) Lecturas Educación Física y Deportes [periódico on line], p. 96. , http://www.efdeportes.com/efd96/futsal.htm, Disponível em, [2007 maio 10]Costa, L.P., (2005) Atlas do esporte no Brasil: Atlas of Sports in Brazil, , São Paulo: ShapeHallal, P.C., Bertoldi, A.D., Gonçalves, H., Victora, C.G., Prevalência de sedentarismo e fatores associados em adolescentes de 10-12 anos de idade (2006) Cad Saúde Pública., 22 (6), pp. 1277-1287Arena, S.S., Bohme, M.T.S., Programas de iniciação e especialização esportiva na Grande São Paulo (2000) Rev Paul Educ Fís, 14 (2), pp. 184-195Silva, F.M., Fernandes, L., Celani, F.O., Desporto de crianças e jovens-um estudo sobre as idades de iniciação (2001) Rev Port Ciênc Desp, 1 (2), pp. 45-55Ré, A.H.N., Teixeira, C.P., Massa, M., Bohme, M.T.S., Interferência de características antropométricas e de aptidão física na identificação de talentos no futsal (2003) Rev Bras Ciên Mov, 11 (4), pp. 51-56Gordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual, pp. 3-8. , In: Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors, Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksHarrison, G.G., Buskirk, E.R., Carter, L.J.E., Johston, F.E., Lohman, T.G., Pollock, M.L., Roche, A.F., Wilmore, J.H., Skinfold thickness and measurement technique (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual, pp. 55-70. , In: Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editores, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics BooksSlaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.A., Stilman, R.J., Van Loan, M.D., Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth (1988) Hum Biol, 60 (5), pp. 709-723Frisancho, A.R., New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and height for assessment of nutritional status of adults and the elderly (1984) Am J Clin Nutr, 40 (4), pp. 808-819Hair, J.F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., (2005) Multivariate data analysis, , 6. ed. Hardcover(2000) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center For Health Statistics, , http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts, CDC growth charts: United States [on line] Hyaltsville, Disponível em, [2007 maio 10]Lohman, T.G., (1987) Measuring body fat using skinfolds [videotape], , Champaign, IL: Human KineticsGuedes, D.P., Guedes, E.R.P., (1997) Crescimento, composição corporal e desempenho motor de cr ianças e adolescentes, , São Paulo: CLR BalieiroMalina, R.M., Physical activity and training: Effects on stature and the adolescent growth spurt (1994) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 26 (6), pp. 759-766Eisenmann, J.C., Malina, R.M., Age-related changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of adolescent distance runners and association with blood lipoproteins (2002) Ann Hum Biol, 29 (4), pp. 389-397Villar, R., Denadai, B.S., Efeito da idade na Aptidão Física em meninos praticantes de futebol de 9 a 15 anos (2001) Motriz, 7 (2), pp. 93-98Malina, R.M., Koziel, S., Bielicki, T., Variation in subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution associated with age, sex, and maturation (1999) Am J Human Biol., 11 (2), pp. 189-200Weineck, J., (2000) Biologia do Esporte, , São Paulo: Manol

Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity In Schoolchildren Of High Socioeconomic Level In Londrina, Paraná, Brazil [prevalência De Sobrepeso E Obesidade Em Escolares De Alto Nível Socioeconômico Em Londrina, Paraná, Brasil]

Objective: To verify the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 7 to 10 year old schoolchildren of both sexes and high socioeconomic level. Methods: Five hundred and eleven schoolchildren (274 boys and 237 girls) were submitted to anthropometrical measurements of body mass, stature and subscapular and triceps skin-fold thickness. Body mass indexes ≥85th percentile and 0.05). On the other hand, the prevalence for obesity in the boys and girls was 17.5% and 9.3%, respectively, with significant differences between the sexes at 9 years (p<0.01) and 10 years (p<0.05) of age, as well as amongst the entire group of ages (p<0.01). Conclusion: The results indicated a high prevalence ratio for overweight (∼19%) and obesity (∼14%), much greater than the average for the 7-10 year old Brazilian population. Therefore, different from that observed in developed countries, a high socioeconomic level seems to negatively affect the prevalence for overweight and obesity, increasing the risk of the precocious development of metabolic dysfunctions.186709717Ball, G.D.C., MacCargar, L.J., Childhood obesity in Canada: A review of prevalence estimates and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (2003) Can J Appl Physiol, 28 (1), pp. 117-140Cole, T.J., Bellizzi, M.C., Flegal, K.M., Dietz, W.H., Establishing a standard definition for children overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey (2000) BMJ, 302 (7244), pp. 1-6Hopper, C.A., Gruber, M.B., Munoz, K.D., MacConnie, S.E., Pfingston, Y.M., Nguyen, K., Relationship of blood cholesterol to body composition, physical fitness, and dietary intake measures in third-grade children and their parents (2001) Res Q Exerc Sport, 72 (2), pp. 182-188Williams, D.P., Going, S.B., Lohman, T.G., Harsha, D.W., Srinivasan, S.R., Webber, L.S., Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol, and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents (1992) Am J Public Health, 82 (3), pp. 358-363De Onis, M., Blossner, M., Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries (2000) Am J Clin Nutr, 72 (4), pp. 1032-1039Consenso Latino Americano Sobre Obesidade, , http://www.abeso.org.br/pdf/consenso.pdfAbrantes, M.M., Lamounier, J.A., Colosimo, E.A., Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes das Regiões Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil (2002) J Pediatr, 78 (4), pp. 335-340Barbeau, P., Gutin, B., Litaker, M., Owens, S., Riggs, S., Okuyama, T., Correlates of individual differences in body-composition changes resulting from physical training in obese children (1999) Am J Clin Nutr, 69 (4), pp. 705-711Chinn, S., Rona, R.J., Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross-sectional studies of British children (2001) BMJ, 322 (7277), pp. 24-26Leão, L.S.C.S., Araújo, L.M.B., Moraes, L.T.L.P., Assis, A.M., Prevalência de obesidade em escolares de Salvador, Bahia (2003) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab, 47 (2), pp. 151-157Magalhães, V.C., Mendonça, G.A.S., Prevalência e fatores associados a sobrepeso e obesidade em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, 1996 a 1997 (2003) Cad Saúde Pública, 19 (1 SUPPL.), pp. 129-139Monteiro, P.O.A., Víctora, C.G., Barros, F.C., Tomasi, E., Diagnóstico de sobrepeso em adolescentes: Estudo do desempenho de diferentes critérios para o índice de massa corporal (2000) Rev Saúde Pública, 34 (5), pp. 506-513Barlow, S.E., Dietz, W.H., Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee Recommendations (1998) Pediatrics, 102 (3), pp. E29(1989) Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Saúde e Nutrição, , Brasília: Ministério da Saúde do BrasilBerkey, C.S., Rockett, H.R., Field, A.E., Gillman, M.W., Frazier, A.L., Camargo Jr., C.A., Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls (2000) Pediatrics, 105 (4), pp. E56Bundred, P., Kitchiner, D., Buchan, I., Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: Population based series of cross sectional studies (2001) BMJ, 322 (7282), pp. 1-4Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., Bar-Or, O., (2004) Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity. 2nd Ed., , Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksFulton, J.E., McGuire, M.T., Caspersen, C.J., Dietz, W.H., Interventions for weight loss and weight gain prevention among youth (2001) Sports Med, 31 (3), pp. 153-165Ross, W.D., Marfell-Jones, M.J., Kinanthropometry (1982) Physiological Testing of the Elite Athlete, pp. 75-115. , MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Green HJ, editors. Ottawa: MutualEveleth, P.H., Tanner, J.M., (1976) Worldwide Variation in Human Growth, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressAlmeida, P.M., Wickerhauser, H., (1991) O Critério Aba-Abipeme: Em Busca de Uma Atualização, , São Paulo: AbipemeGordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, pp. 3-8. , Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksHarrison, G.G., Buskirk, E.R., Carter, L.J.E., Johnston, F.E., Lohman, T.G., Pollock, M.L., Skinfold thickness and measurement technique (1988) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, pp. 55-80. , Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksSlaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.A., Stillman, R.J., Van Loan, M.D., Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth (1988) Hum Biol, 60 (5), pp. 709-723Post, C.L., Víctora, C.G., Barros, F.C., Horta, B.L., Guimarães, P.R.V., Desnutrição e obesidade infantis em duas coortes de base populacional no Sul do Brasil: Tendências e diferenciais (1996) Cad Saúde Pública, 12 (1 SUPPL.), pp. 49-57Andersen, R.E., Crespo, C.J., Bartlett, S.J., Cheskin, L.J., Pratt, M., Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998) JAMA, 279 (12), pp. 938-942Ball, E.J., O'Connor, J., Abbott, R., Steinbeck, K.S., Davies, P.S., Wishart, C., Total energy expenditure, body fatness, and physical activity in children aged 6-9 y (2001) Am J Clin Nutr, 74 (4), pp. 524-528Zack, P.M., Harlan, W.R., Leaverton, P.E., Cornoni-Huntley, J., A longitudinal study of body fatness in childhood and adolescence (1979) Pediatrics, 95 (1), pp. 126-130Dietz, W.H., Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality (1998) J Nutr, 128 (2 SUPPL.), pp. 411S-4SSardinha, L.B., Going, S.B., Teixeira, P.J., Lohman, T.G., Receiver operating characteristic analysis of body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, and arm girth for obesity screening in children and adolescents (1999) Am J Clin Nutr, 70 (6), pp. 1090-109

Effects Of Long-term Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation On Anaerobic Performance Of Trained Young Adults [efeitos Da Suplementação Prolongada De Creatina Mono-hidratada Sobre O Desempenho Anaeróbio De Adultos Jovens Treinados]

The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of creatine monohydrate (Crm) supplementation on the anaerobic performance of young trained adults. Twenty-six healthy male physical education students were randomly divided in creatine group (CrG, n = 13; 22.5 ± 2.7 years; 74.9 ± 6.8 kg; 178.5 ± 4.8 cm) and placebo group (PlG, n = 13; 22.9 ± 3.2 years; 71.9 ± 11.3 kg; 178.6 ± 4.0 cm). The subjects received in a double-blind system a Crm or placebo-maltodextrin dose (20 g.d-1 for 5 days and 3 g.d-1 for 51 subsequent days). Both groups had their eating habits and levels of physical fitness previously controlled. The Wingate anaerobic test (WT) was used to evaluate the anaerobic performance before and after the ingestion period of Crm or placebo. The performance indexes assessed were: relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP), relative total work (RTW) and index of fatigue (IF). ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test were used when P&lt;0.05 for statistical treatment. No significant difference in RPP, RMP, RTW or IF was observed after the period of supplementation of Crm (P&gt;0.05). The results of the present study suggest that Crm supplementation does not seem to be an efficient ergogenic resource in high-intensity and short-duration efforts involving a single set.163186190Mesa, J.L., Ruiz, J.R., Gonzalez-Gross, M.M., Gutierrez-Sainz, A., Garzon, M.J.C., Oral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exercise (2002) Sports Med, 32, pp. 903-944Branch, J.D., Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: A meta-analysis (2003) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 13, pp. 198-226Persky, A.M., Rawson, E.S., Safety of creatine supplementation (2007) Subcell Biochem, 46, pp. 275-289Brudnak, M.A., Creatine: Are the benefits worth the risk? (2004) Toxicol Lett, 150, pp. 123-130Pischel, I., Gastner, T., Creatine: Its chemical synthesis, chemistry, and legal status (2007) Subcell Biochem, 46, pp. 291-307Hultman, E., Greenhaff, P.L., Ren, J.M., Soderlund, K., Energy metabolism and fatigue during intense muscle contraction (1991) Biochem Soc Trans, 19, pp. 347-353Allen, D.G., Lamb, G.D., Westerblad, H., Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular mechanisms (2008) Physiol Rev, 88, pp. 287-332Balsom, P.D., Söderlund, K., Sjödin, B., Ekblom, B., Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: Influence of creatine supplementation (1995) Acta Physiol Scand, 154, pp. 303-310Cooke, C.B., Theodorou, A., King, R.F.G.J., Gibbon, W., Frain, M., The effects of a creatine maintenance dosage on muscle metabolites and anaerobic performance (1999) Med Sci Sports Exercise, 31, pp. S354Havenetidis, K., Theodorou, A., Cooke, C.B., King, R.F.G.J., Effects of an acute Cr loading on muscle metabolites and anaerobic performance (2002) Annual Congress of The European College of Sport Science, p. 593. , Atenas, 2002. Proceedings. AtenasVandenberghe, K., van Hecke, P., van Leemputte, M., Vanstapel, F., Hespel, P., Phosphocreatine resynthesis is not affected by creatine loading (1999) Med Sci Sports Exercise, 31, pp. 236-242Bar-Or, O., The Wingate anaerobic test: An update on methodology, reliability and validity (1987) Sports Med, 4, pp. 381-394Havenetidis, K., Matsouka, O., Cooke, C.B., Theodorou, A., The use of varying creatine regimes on sprint cycling (2003) J Sports Sci Med, 2, pp. 88-97Snow, R.J., Murphy, R.M., Factors influencing creatine loading into human skeletal muscle (2003) Exercise Sport Sci Rev, 31, pp. 154-158Position stand: Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults (2002) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34, pp. 364-380. , American College of Sports MedicineGordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, pp. 3-8. , In: Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R., editors, Champaign: Human KineticsHespel, P., Op't eijnde, B., van Leemputte, M., Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans (2002) J Appl Physiol, 92, pp. 513-518Green, A.L., Simpson, E.J., Littlewood, J.J., Macdonald, I.A., Greenhaff, P.L., Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans (1996) Acta Physiol Scand, 158, pp. 195-202Havenetidis, K., Matsouka, O., Konstadinou, V., Establishment of the highest peak anaerobic power prior to the commencement of the anaerobic Wingate test (2003) J Hum Mov Stud, 44, pp. 479-487Okano, A.H., Dodero, S.R., Coelho, C.F., Gassi, E., Altimari, L.R., Silva, C.C., Efeito da aplicação de diferentes cargas sobre o desempenho motor no teste de Wingate Rev Bras Ciên E Mov, 9, pp. 39-44. , 200Rawson, E.S., Perski, A.M., Price, T.B., Clarkson, P.M., Effects of repeated creatine supplementation on muscle, plasma, and urine creatine levels (2004) J Strength Cond Res, 18, pp. 162-167Narayanan, S., Appleton, H.D., Creatinine: A review (1980) Clin Chem, 26, pp. 1119-1126Barr, S.I., Rideout, C.A., Nutritional considerations for vegetarian athletes (2004) Nutrition, 20, pp. 696-703Odland, L.M., Macdougall, J.D., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Elorriaga, A., Borgmann, A., Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle [PCr] and short-term maximum power output (1997) Med Sci Sports Exercise, 29, pp. 216-219Cooke, W.H., Grandjean, P.W., Barnes, W.S., Effect of oral creatine supplementation on power output and fatigue during bicycle ergometry (1995) J Appl Physiol, 78, pp. 670-673Dawson, B., Cutler, M., Moody, A., Lawrence, S., Goodman, C., Randall, N., Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints (1995) Aust J Sci Med Sport, 27, pp. 56-61Snow, R.J., McKenna, M.J., Selig, S.E., Kemp, J., Stathis, C.G., Zhao, S., Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism (1998) J Appl Physiol, 84, pp. 1667-1673Ledford, A., Branch, J.D., Creatine supplementation does not increase peak power production and work capacity during repetitive wingate testing in women (1999) J Strength Cond Res, 13, pp. 394-399Earnest, C.P., Snell, P.G., Rodriguez, R., Almada, A.L., Mitchell, T.L., The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition (1995) Acta Physiol Scand, 153, pp. 207-209Casey, A., Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Howell, S., Hultman, E., Greenhaff, P.L., Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans (1996) Am J Physiol, 271, pp. 31-37Green, J.M., McLester, J.R., Smith, J.E., Mansfield, E.R., The effects of creatine supplementation on repeated upper- and lower-body Wingate performance (2001) J Strength Cond Res, 15, pp. 36-41Tarnopolsky, M.A., Maclennan, D.P., Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females (2000) Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab, 10, pp. 452-463Kurosawa, Y., Hamaoka, T., Katsumura, T., Kuwamori, M., Kimura, N., Sako, T., Creatine supplementation enhances anaerobic ATP synthesis during a single 10 sec maximal handgrip exercise (2003) Mol Cell Biochem, 244, pp. 105-112Birch, R., Noble, D., Greenhaff, P.L., The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man (1994) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 69, pp. 268-270Havenetidis, K., Cooke, C.B., King, R.F.G.J., Butterly, R., The effect of creatine supplementation on repeated 30 s cycle sprints in man (1995) J Physiol, 483, pp. S122Greenhaff, P.L., Casey, A., Short, A.H., Harris, R., Söderlund, K., Hultman, E., Influence of oral creatine supplementation on muscle orque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man (1993) Clin Sci, 84, pp. 565-571Harris, R.C., Söderlund, K., Hultman, E., Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation (1992) Clin Sci, 83, pp. 367-374Greenhaff, P.L., Bodin, K., Söderlund, K., Hultman, E., Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis (1994) Am J Physiol, 266, pp. 725-730Vandewalle, H., Peres, G., Monod, H., Standard anaerobic exercise tests (1987) Sports Med, 4, pp. 268-289Weinstein, Y., Bediz, C., Dotan, R., Falk, B., Reliability of peak-lactate, heart rate, and plasma volume following the Wingate test (1998) Med Sci Sports Exercise, 30, pp. 1456-1460Prevost, M.C., Nelson, A.G., Morris, G.S., Creatine supplementation enhances intermittent work performance (1997) Res Q Exercise Sport, 68, pp. 233-240Andrews, R., Greenhaff, P.L., Curtis, S., Perry, A., Cowley, A.J., The effect of dietary creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle metabolism in congestive heart failure (1998) Eur Heart J, 19, pp. 617-622Rieu, M., Duvallet, A., Scharapan, L., Thieulart, L., Ferry, A., Blood lactate accumulation in intermittent supramaximal exercise (1988) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 57, pp. 235-242Havenetidis, K., Bourdas, D., Creatine supplementation: Effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performance (2003) J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 43, pp. 347-35

Comparison Of Indicators Of The Bone Tissue In Two Groups Of Young Adults: Practicing Weight Exercises And With Sedentary Habits [comparação De Indicadores Do Tecido ósseo Entre Dois Grupos De Adultos Jovens Praticantes De Treinamento Com Pesos E Sedentários]

The objective of the present study was to establish comparisons among the bone mineral content (BMC), the total bone mineral density (TOTAL BMD) and located bone mineral density (BMD) in the different corporal segments, training apprentices with weights of young male adults and sedentary young male adults. The sample was constituted by 23 individuals that were divided in training group (TG; n=12; 24.17 ± 2.69 years; 72.90 ± 8.81 kg; 176.48 ± 6.69 cm) and sedentary group (SG; n=11; 24.09 ± 2.55 years; 71.22 ± 10.77 kg; 177.63 ± 7.13 cm).The bone component was analyzed through the technique Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). For comparison of the analyzed parameters was used the test "t" of Student for independent samples (p0,05). In agreement with the results, we can suggest that the weights training contributes to increase of the bone tissue what can minimize the effects of the bone loss process with moving forward of the age. © Copyright Moreira Jr. Editora.638371376Katzel, L.I., Bleecker, E.R., Colman, E.Q., Rogus, E.M., Sorkin, J.D., Goldberg, A.P., Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial (1995) JAMA, 274, pp. 1915-1921Proctor, D.N., Melton, L.I., Khosla, S., Crowson, C.S., O'Connor, M.K., Riggs, B.L., Relative influence of physical activity, muscle mass and strength on bone density (2000) Osteoporos Int, 11, pp. 944-952Charette, S.I., Mcvoy, L., Pyca, G., Snow-Harter, D.G., Wiswel, R.A., Marcus, R., Muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in older man (1991) J Appl Phys, 70, pp. 1912-1916Sommerfeldt, D.W., Rubin, C.T., Biology of bone and how it orchestrates the form and function of the skeleton (2001) Eur Spine J, 10 (SUPPL.), pp. S86-S95Woo, S.I., Kuei, S.C., Amiel, D., Gomez, M.A., Hayes, W.C., White, F.C., Akeson, W.H., The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: A study of Wolf's Law (1981) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 63, pp. 780-787Krahl, H., Michaelis, U., Pieper, H.G., Quack, G., Montag, M., Stimulation of bone growth through sports. A radiologic investigation of the upper extremities in professional tennis players (1994) Am J Sports Med, 22, pp. 751-757Skerry, T.M., Suva, L.I., Investigation of the regulation of bone mass by mechanical loading: From quantitative cytochemistry to gene array (2003) Cell Biochem Funct, 21, pp. 223-229Menkes, A., Mazel, A.R., Koffler, K., Libanati, R.C., Gundberg, C.M., Zizic, T.M., Hagberg, J.M., Hurley, B.F., Strength training increases regional bone mineral density and bone remodeling in middle-aged and older man (1993) J Appl Phys, 74, pp. 2478-2484Frontera, W.R., Hughes, V.A., Fielding, R.A., Fiatarone, M.A., Evans, W.I., Roubenoff, R., Aging of skeletal muscle: A 12-yr longitudinal study (2000) J Appl Physiol, 88, pp. 1321-1326Humphries, B., Newton, R.U., Bronks, R., Marshal, S., Mcbride, J., Triplet-Mcbride, T., Hakkinen, K., Humphries, N., Effects of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women (2000) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, pp. 1043-1050Aebersold-Scrtutz, G., Do endurance sports lead to osteoporosis in women? (1997) Orthopade, 26, pp. 955-960Petterson, S.E., Peterson, G.R., Gilligan, R., Checovich, M.M., Smith, E.L., Muscular strength and bone density with weight training in middle-aged women (1991) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23, pp. 499-504Gordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anth Stand Reference Man, pp. 3-8. , Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R., eds. Champaign: Human KineticsMazess, R.B., Barden, H.S., Bisek, J.P., Hanson, J., Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition (1990) Am J Clin Nutr, 51, pp. 1106-1112Lemmer, T.I., Ivey, F.M., Ryan, A.S., Martel, G.F., Hurlbut, D.E., Metter, E.I., Fozard, J.L., Hurley, B.F., Effect of strength training on resting metabolic rate and physical activity: Age and gender comparisons (2001) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, pp. 532-541Judge, J.O., Kleppinger, A., Kenny, A., Smith, J.A., Biskup, B., Marcella, G., Home-based resistance training improves femoral bone mineral density in women on hormone therapy (2005) Osteoporos Int, 8, pp. 1153-1160Tsuzuku, S., Shimokata, H., Ikegami, Y., Yabe, K., Wasnich, R.D., Effects of High versus Low-Intensity Resistance Training on Bone Mineral Density in Young Males (2001) Calcif Tissue Int, 68, pp. 342-347Langerdonk, L.V., Lefevre, J., Claessens, A.I., Thomis, M., Phillippaerts, R., Delvaux, K., Lysens, R., Beunen, G., Influence of participation in high-impact sports during adolescence and adulthood on bone mineral density in middle-aged men: A 27-years follow-up study (2003) Am J Epidemiol, 158, pp. 525-533Valdimarsson, O., Alborg, H.G., Duppe, H., Nyquist, F., Karlsson, M., Reduced training is associated with increased loss of BMD (2005) J Bone Miner Res, 20, pp. 906-912Kontulainen, S.A., Kannus, P.A., Pasanen, M.E., Sievanen, H.T., Heinonen, A.O., Oja, P., Vuori, I., Does previous participation in high-impact training result in residual bone gain in growing girls? One year follow-up of a 9-month jumping intervention (2002) Int J Sports Med, 23, pp. 575-581Lloyd, T., Chinchilli, V.M., Johnson-Rollings, N., Kieselhorst, K., Eggli, D.F., Marcus, R., Adult female hip bone density reflects teenage sports-exercise patterns but not teenage calcium intake (2000) Pediatrics, 106, p. 404Nichols, D.L., Sanborn, C.F., Love, A.M., Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females (2001) J Pediatr, 139, pp. 494-500Position stand: Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults (2002) Med Sci Sports Exert, 34, pp. 364-380. , American College Of Sports MedicineSchroeder, E.T., Hawkins, S.A., Jaque, S.V., Musculoskeletal adaptations to 16 weeks of eccentric progressive resistance training in young women (2004) J Strength Cond Res, 18, pp. 227-235Ryan, A.S., Ivey, F.M., Hurlbut, D.E., Martel, G.F., Lemmer, J.T., Sorkin, J.D., Metter, E.J., Hurley, B.F., Regional bone mineral density after resistive training in young and older men and women (2004) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 14, pp. 16-23Fiore, C.E., Cottini, E., Fargetta, C., Di Salvo, G., Foti, R., Raspagliesi, M., The effects of muscle-building exercise on forearm bone mineral content and osteoblast activity in drug-free and anabolic steroids self-administering young men (1991) Bone Miner, 13, pp. 77-83Blimkie, C.J.R., Rice, C., Webber, C.E., Martin, J., Levy, D., Gordon, C.L., Effects of resistance training on bone mineral content and density in adolescent females (1996) Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 74, pp. 1025-1033Chilibeck, P.D., Calder, A., Sale, D.G., Webber, C.E., Twenty weeks of weight training increases lean tissue mass but not bone mineral mass or density in healthy, active young women (1996) Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 74, pp. 1180-1185Braith, R.W., Mills, R.M., Welsch, M.A., Keller, J.W., Pollock, M.L., Resistance exercise training restores bone mineral density in heart transplant recipients (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol, 28, pp. 1471-1477Notelovitz, M., Martin, D., Tesar, R., Khan, F.Y., Probart, C., Fields, C., Mckenzie, L., Estrogen therapy and variable-resistance weight training increase bone mineral in surgically menopausal women (1991) J Bone Miner Res, 6, pp. 583-59

Estimated Maximum Oxygen Uptake And Agreement Analysis Between Direct And Predicted Measurement By Different Field Tests [estimativa Do Con Sumo Máximo De Ox Igênio E Análise De Conco Rdância Entre Medida Direta E Predita Por Diferentes Testes De Campo]

Objective: To verify the estimate of aerobic power and agreement between direct and predicted measurement by three different field tests. Methods: The study included 12 subjects (23.1±2.8 years), seven men and five women, who underwent anthropometric measurements of body mass, height and thickness of skin folds. Moreover, the subjects performed a maximal direct test (DT) in a treadmill and three field tests for verification of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), in relative values. The field tests performed were: run/walk, 12 minutes by Cooper (COOPER), run/walk a mile (MILE), and 20 meter shuttle run (SR-20M). Data were analyzed by descriptive procedures and for comparisons between the direct measurement and each of the field tests, the paired t test was used. Simple linear regression provided information about the performance of tests and their equations, while the agreement between the methods was made by Bland-Altman analysis, with determination of the t measurement trend. Results: No significant differences were found between the MD and the three field tests. The standard errors of estimation ranged from about 5.8 to 6.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 and the correlation of r = 0.61 - 0.64. The limits of agreement were considered large for the three tests, but without bias and an estimation trend. Conclusions: Despite the similarity between the mean values obtained in comparisons between the field tests and the measurement of reference, the MILE test showed the best performance and agreement to estimate the VO2max.196404409Blair, S.N., Kohl III, H.W., Paffenbarger Jr., R.S., Clark, D.G., Cooper, K.H., Gibbons, L.W., Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women (1989) JAMA, 262, pp. 2395-2401Lamonte, M.J., Barlow, C.E., Jurga, R., Kampert, J.B., Church, T.S., Blair, S.N., Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study of men and women (2005) Circulation, 112, pp. 505-512Lee, D., Artero, E.G., Sui, X., Blair, S.N., Mortality trends in the general population: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (2010) J Psychopharmacology, 24 (SUPPL. 4), pp. 27-35Astrand, P.O., (1952) Experimental studies of physical work capacity in relation to sex and age, , Copenhagen: Ejnar MunksgaardBasset Jr., D.R., Howley, E.T., Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance (2000) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, pp. 70-84Bassett Jr., D.R., Howley, E.T., Thompson, D.L., King, G.A., Strath, S.J., McLaughlin, J.E., Validity of inspiratory and expiratory methods of measuring gas exchange with a computerized system (2001) J Appl Physiol, 91, pp. 218-224Cyrino, E.S., Okano, A.H., Silva, K.E.S., Altimari, L.R., Dórea, V.R., Zucas, S.M., Aptidão aeróbia e sua relação com os processos de crescimento e maturação (2002) Rev Educ Fís/UEM, 13, pp. 17-26Grant, J.A., Joseph, A.N., Campagna, P.D., The prediction of VO2max: A comparison of 7 indirect tests of aerobic power (1999) J Strength Cond Res, 13, pp. 356-362Cyrino, E.S., Papst, R.R., Altimari, L.R., Okano, A.H., Caldeira, L.F.S., Gobbo, L.A., Comparação entre a potência aeróbia estimada por dois testes de campo (2005) Rev Educ Fís/UEM, 16, pp. 171-177Stickland, M.K., Petersen, S.R., Bouffard, M., Prediction of maximal aerobic power from the 20-m multi-stage shuttle run test (2003) Can J Appl Physiol, 28, pp. 272-282Léger, L.A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., Lambert, J., The multistage 20-meter shuttle run test for aerobic fitness (1988) J Sports Sci, 6, pp. 93-101Grant, S., Corbett, K., Amjad, A.M., Wilson, J., Aitchison, T., A comparison of methods of predicting maximum oxygen uptake (1995) Br J Sports Med, 29, pp. 147-152McNaughton, L., Hall, P., Cooley, D., Validation of several methods of estimating maximal oxygen uptake in young men (1998) Percept Mot Skills, 87, pp. 575-584Duarte, M.F.S., Duarte, C.R., Validade do teste aeróbico de corrida de vai-e-vem de 20 metros (2001) Rev Bras Ciên Mov, 9, pp. 7-14Atkinson, G., Nevill, A.M., Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine (1998) Sports Med, 26, pp. 217-238Gordon, C.C., Chumlea, W.C., Roche, A.F., Stature, recumbent length, and weight (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual., , In: Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksHarrison, G.G., Buskirk, E.R., Carter, L.J.E., Johnston, F.E., Lohman, T.G., Pollock, M.L., Skinfold thicknesses and measurement technique (1988) Anthropometric standardization reference manual., , In: Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Champaign: Human Kinetics BooksCooper, K.H., A means of assessing maximal oxygen uptake (1968) JAMA, 203, pp. 135-138Margaria, R., Aghemo, P., Limas, F.P., A simple relation between performance in running and maximal aerobic power (1975) J Appl Physiol, 38, pp. 351-352Léger, L., Lambert, J., A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max (1982) Eur J Appl Physiol, 49, pp. 1-12Bland, J.M., Altman, D.G., Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods for clinical measurement (1986) Lancet, 8, pp. 307-310Penry, J.T., Wilcox, A.R., Yun, J., Validity and reliability analysis of Cooper's 12-minute run and the multistage shuttle run in healthy adults (2011) J Strength Cond Res, 25, pp. 597-605Cureton, K.J., Sloniger, M.A., O'Bannon, J.P., Black, D.M., McCormack, W.P., A generalized equation for prediction of VO2peak from 1-mile run/walk performance (1995) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27, pp. 445-451Almeida, J.A., Campbell, C.S.G., Pardono, E., Sotero, R.C., Magalhães, G., Simões, H.G., Validade de equações de predição em estimar o VO2max de brasileiros jovens a partir do desempenho em corrida de 1.600m (2010) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 16, pp. 57-60Ramsbottom, R., Brewer, J., Williams, C., A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (1988) Br J Sports Med, 22, pp. 141-144Ahmaidi, S., Collomp, C., Caillaud, C., Préfaut, C., Maximal and functional aerobic capacity as assessed by two graduated field methods in comparison to laboratory exercise testing moderately trained subjects (1992) Int J Sports Med, 13, pp. 243-248Sproule, J., Kunalan, C., McNeill, W.H., Validity of 20-MST for predicting VO2max of adult Singaporean athletes (1993) Br J Sports Med, 27, pp. 202-204Cooper, S.M., Baker, J.S., Tong, R.J., Roberts, E., Hanford, M., The repeatability and criterion related validity of the 20 m multistage fitness test as a predictor of maximal oxygen uptake in active young men (2005) Br J Sports Med, 39, pp. 1-7Metsios, G.S., Flouris, A.D., Koutedakis, Y., Nevill, A., Criterion-related validity and test-retest reliability of the 20m square shuttle test (2008) J Sci Med Sport, 11, pp. 214-21