Estudios de casos y controles: Case-Control Studies

Case-control studies are analytical observational epidemiological studies generally devoted to evaluate factors associated with infrequent diseases. Its hierarchy within the pyramid of evidence lies in an intermediate place between cross sectional and cohort studies. The measure of association used for these studies is the Odds Ratio. Some variants of this design, such as incident and nested case studies and nested case-control studies (within a cohort) can reduce the risk of selection bias. The basic concepts related to this type of studies are reviewed.Los estudios de casos y controles son estudios epidemiológicos observacionales analíticos utilizados generalmente para evaluar factores asociados a condiciones de presentación infrecuente. Su jerarquía dentro de la pirámide de evidencia se ubica en un lugar intermedio, generalmente con un nivel de evidencia considerado mayor que los estudios transversales analíticos y menor que los estudios de cohorte. La medida de asociación utilizada para estos estudios es el Odds Ratio (o razón de momios). Algunas variantes de este diseño como los estudios de casos y controles incidentes y los anidados (dentro de una cohorte) permiten disminuir el riesgo de sesgo de selección. Se revisan los conceptos básicos relacionados a este tipo de estudios

Special Classes of Orthogonal Polynomials and Corresponding Quadratures of Gaussian Type

MSC 2010: 33C47, 42C05, 41A55, 65D30, 65D32In the first part of this survey paper we present a short account on some important properties of orthogonal polynomials on the real line, including computational methods for constructing coefficients in the fundamental three-term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials, and mention some basic facts on Gaussian quadrature rules. In the second part we discuss our Mathematica package Orthogonal Polynomials (see [2]) and show some applications to problems with strong nonclassical weights on (0;+1), including a conjecture for an oscillatory weight on [¡1; 1]. Finally, we give some new results on orthogonal polynomials on radial rays in the complex plane

Solid and cystic pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: A case report

Introduction Solid and cystic pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare tumor of the pancreas, for the first time described by Frantz et al. in 1959. The majority of patients are young females and most of them are asymptomatic. Case Outline We report a case of 25-year old woman who was admitted to our institution with abdominal pain and a palpable mass in the left hypochondrial area. US and CT scan revealed a solid and cystic pseudopapillary tumor in the head of the pancreas. The patient was treated by Whipple procedure, modification Longmire-Traverso. There was no metastatic disease either in the liver or peritoneum. Histologically the tumor was diagnosed as a solid and cystic pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. Conclusion The unclear pre-operative diagnoses, together with incidence of potential malignancy as well as good outcome with resection, suggest that all suspected cystic tumors of the pancreas should be resected. The exact diagnosis is based on histological findings

Organizaciones científicas estudiantiles como semilleros de líderes y gestores de la investigación científica en el Perú: SOCIMEP

Organizaciones científicas estudiantiles como semilleros de líderes y gestores de la investigación científica en el Perú: SOCIME

Scale-down high-throughput perfusion development with ambr 250

The ambr® 250 bioreactor system (Sartorius Stedim) has become a useful tool for CHO cell culture process development, increasing throughput and decreasing development timelines. The ambr® 250 provides the ability to independently run up to 24 single-use fed-batch bioreactors through the use of an automated liquid handling platform. Growing interest in intensified perfusion processes for continuous biomanufacturing has created a need for an equivalent high throughput small scale system for perfusion. Thus far, only discrete models and semi-continuous approaches have been available to mimic perfusion processes at small scale. With the development of the ambr® 250 perfusion system, truly continuous medium exchange and cell retention at the 200mL scale has been achieved. Primary criteria for evaluating the applicability of the ambr® 250 perfusion system to modeling larger scale intensified perfusion processes include viable cell density and volumetric productivity. We have demonstrated the development system can support growth of CHO cell cultures in excess of 90 million cells per milliliter with IgG volumetric productivity greater than 3 g/L/day. These results are comparable to data obtained at the 10L scale. Sustainability of culture, impact on product quality, and potential use for applications ranging from clone selection to scale-down modeling will be discussed

Características del tamizaje para cáncer cérvico-uterino en 08 establecimientos de salud, lima metropolitana 2017: Characteristics of the cervicuterine cancer screening at 08 health institutions, metropolitan lima 2017

Introduction: The use of Papanicoloau Conventional Cytology (CC) versus Liquid Base (CBL), the professional who performs the extraction, first reading and diagnosis of the sample; the use of the Bethesda classification, the detection of HPV DNA and the follow-up of ASCUS findings are links in the screening of Uterine Cervical Cancer (CCU) little studied in our environment. Objective: To determine the characteristics of the CCU cancer screening in 08 health facilities (EESS) of Metropolitan Lima, the headquarters of the Medical Board of the FAMURP in 2017. Methods: Descriptive, transversal. Sampling for convenience. The Chiefs of Pathology Services were interviewed. Results: 8 EESS of Level III of the MINSA, EsSalud and FFAA participated. All performed the CC, none CBL. The samples are taken by the Gynecologist or the Obstetrician, and in 1 case by nursing, the first reading is performed by the Medical Technologist and in one case by the Pathologist Analyst; the diagnosis, by the Anatomopathologist. The Bethesda System is used for the Final Report. Screening tests for HPV DNA are not used. In 8, follow-up is done for ASCUS findings. Conclusion: CBL, automated reading, and identification of HPV DNA are not implemented. It is recommended to carry out cost-effective studies to propose their future implementation, and to carry out studies regarding the phases of the screening process.   DOI:  10.25176/RFMH.v19.n1.1788Introduccion: El uso de Citología Convencional de Papanicoloau (CC) frente a Base Líquida (CBL), el profesional que realiza la extracción, primera lectura y diagnóstico de la muestra; el uso de la clasificación Bethesda, la detección de ADN del VPH y el seguimiento de hallazgos ASCUS son eslabones en el tamizaje del Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CCU) poco estudiadas en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Determinar las características del tamizaje para cáncer CCU en 08 establecimientos de salud (EESS) de Lima Metropolitana sedes del Internado Médico de la FAMURP en el 2017. Métodos: Descriptivo, transversal. Muestreo por conveniencia. Se entrevistó a los Jefes de los Servicios de Patología. Resultados: Participaron 8 EESS de Nivel III del MINSA, EsSalud y FFAA. Todos realizaron la CC, ninguno CBL. Las muestras son extraídas por el Ginecólogo o la Obstetriz, y en 1 caso por enfermería, la primera lectura es realizada por el Tecnólogo Médico y en un caso por el Anátomo Patólogo; el diagnóstico, por el Anátomo Patólogo. Se usa el Sistema de Bethesda para el Reporte Final. No se usan pruebas de detección para ADN del VPH. En 8, se hace seguimiento para hallazgos ASCUS. Conclusión: La CBL, la lectura automatizada, y la identificación del ADN de VPH no están implementados. Se recomienda realizar estudios costo-efectivo para proponer su implementación futura, y realizar estudios respecto de las fases del proceso del Tamizaje.   DOI:  10.25176/RFMH.v19.n1.178

Intensification of a multi-product perfusion platform – managing growth characteristics at high cell density for maximized volumetric productivity

Integrated Continuous Biomanufacturing (ICB) provides many important strategic advantages for therapeutic protein production through process intensification, simplification and integration. Dramatic reductions in cost of goods manufactured can be achieved by pushing perfusion culture towards high productivity at moderate perfusion rate and integrating with multi-column capture. We have demonstrated that an in-house chemically defined medium designed for high volumetric productivity (VPR) can support clones producing different monoclonal antibodies in perfusion bioreactors at cell densities \u3e100 million viable cells/mL and VPR from 4 to 6 g/L/day. However, for other cell lines tested productivity could not be consistently sustained due to declining growth rate at high cell density. It was demonstrated that increased bleed rates could extend the culture duration for these clones but only with substantially lower cell density and productivity, and reverting to a less productive perfusion medium improved culture longevity to a certain degree. It was shown that continuous addition of a concentrated supplement to this medium could improve productivity to levels comparable to the high-VPR medium, but this appeared to be less effective for clones with lower specific productivity. Some clones producing the same biologic were observed to exhibit either sustained or declining growth rate at high cell density, indicating clonal variability should be considered as another factor that can affect this growth phenotype. Potential strategies to mitigate declining growth rate in high cell density perfusion culture will be discussed and additional case studies on the application of intensified perfusion will be examined

Metallochaperones regulate intracellular copper levels.

Copper (Cu) is an important enzyme co-factor that is also extremely toxic at high intracellular concentrations, making active efflux mechanisms essential for preventing Cu accumulation. Here, we have investigated the mechanistic role of metallochaperones in regulating Cu efflux. We have constructed a computational model of Cu trafficking and efflux based on systems analysis of the Cu stress response of Halobacterium salinarum. We have validated several model predictions via assays of transcriptional dynamics and intracellular Cu levels, discovering a completely novel function for metallochaperones. We demonstrate that in addition to trafficking Cu ions, metallochaperones also function as buffers to modulate the transcriptional responsiveness and efficacy of Cu efflux. This buffering function of metallochaperones ultimately sets the upper limit for intracellular Cu levels and provides a mechanistic explanation for previously observed Cu metallochaperone mutation phenotypes

Toward a sustainable urban regeneration? Urban heritage between neoliberal forces and community preferences

The paper discusses a relationship between the neoliberal forces shaping contemporary urban transformations and the social sustainability of recent regeneration projects focused on urban heritage. Analysing two post-transitional cases, based on two different approaches, the paper will provide an insight into the dominant processes influencing both practices, as well as their anticipated/announced social sustainability and its achieved level.The first case is from Serbia - the Power Plant "Power and Light‖ - which was the first one generating alternating current in Belgrade. Located in the Dorcol area, this ex-industrial setting is situated close to the city center. Since 2005, the entire area has undergone a significant transformation into a luxurious residential and commercial complex, initiated by private investors and directed by city authorities in order to change the previous urban image.The second case, the Contemporary Art Center in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, represents different approach. Created in 1997, the center is a non-governmental organisation of public interest. In 1995 the Municipality of Plovdiv obtained the right to locate the center within the remains of the ancient baths of Rome, which were rebuilt under the Turkish Empire. As the 16th century monument, the building belonged to the municipality and in 2004, the three-year period of support started, provided by the association Art Today (the Swiss cultural program), as well as the National Heritage Fund in Bulgaria.The analysis will be based on the selected principles of social sustainability, simultaneously highlighting the problems of heritage (re)use and regeneration in a challenging global environment of uncertain financial flows and shifting local governmental priorities, which could put on hold or totally ignore the aspect of social sustainability