235 research outputs found
El factor de impacto de Nutrición Hospitalaria incrementado… y los costes de edición también
Publication trends in global biodiversity research on protected areas
One of the main strategies to reduce the global loss of biodiversity has been the establishment of protected areas (PAs). High quality biodiversity knowledge is essential to successfully design PAs and PA networks, and to assess their conservation effectiveness. However, biodiversity knowledge is taxonomically and geographically biased. Even though PAs are typically more intensively surveyed than surrounding landscapes, they cannot avoid biodiversity knowledge shortfalls and biases. To investigate this, we performed a systematic literature review to assess publication trends in global biodiversity research taking place in PAs. Our data indicate that animals are more studied than plants, with vertebrates overrepresented in relation to invertebrates. Biodiversity in PAs has been mainly measured taxonomically (species richness or species diversity), while functional and phylogenetic diversity have rarely been considered. Finally, as predicted, there was a geographic bias towards European and USA terrestrial protected areas. These observed trends mirror more general studies of biodiversity knowledge shortfalls and could have direct negative consequences for conservation policy and practice. Reducing these biases and shortfalls is essential for more effective use of limited conservation resourcesSLC was supported by a FPI predoctoral grant financed by the
Autonoma ´ University of Madrid. RJL was supported via the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant
agreement No 854248. AMCS was supported by the Ramon ´ y Cajal
program (RYC2020-029407-I), financed by the Spanish Ministerio de
Ciencia e Innovacio
Fórmulas de inmunonutrición enteral en la cirugía del cáncer de cabeza y cuello: Una revisión sitemática
Introduction: Significant malnutrition exists in a high
percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition
is associated with defects in immune function that
may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition
and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible
to postoperative infections and complications.
Objectives: Some studies of patients receiving immunonutrition
in the perioperative period in head and neck
cancer have shown beneficial effects on clinical outcome
and inmune status. The authors carried out a systematic
review of randomised control trials to determine whether
perioperative immunonutrition has a role in the treatment
of head and neck cancer.
Methods: 14 trials of polymeric nutritional supplementation
with immunonutrition were identified. Two studies
compared two types of immunonutrition.
Results: A reduction in the length of postoperative
hospital stay was seen in some trials, but the reason for
this reduction is not clear. Some studides showed statistical
differences with less complications in arginineenhanced
group and also showed a significant decrease of
fistula complications in patients treated with a high arginine
dose enhanced formula, if compared with a medium
dose of arginine.
Conclussion: Those planning future studies face
challenges. A suitable powered clinical trial is required
before firm recommendations can be made on the use of
immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients postoperativelyIntroducción: Un alto porcentaje de pacientes con cáncer
de cabeza y cuello presentan un importante grado de
malnutrición. Esta malnutrición está asociada defectos de
la función inmune. Tanto la malnutrición como la inmunosupresión
hacen a estos pacientes susceptibles de padecer
complicaciones infecciosas en el postoperatorio.
Objetivos: Algunos trabajos de pacientes que han recibido
inmunonutrición en el postoperatorio de cirugía por
cáncer de cabeza y cuello han mostrado un efecto beneficioso
en la evolución clínica y el estado inmune. Los autores
han llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de los
ensayos clínicos realizados hasta la fecha, para determinar
el papel que tiene la inmunonutrición enteral postoperatoria
en el tratamiento del cáncer de cabeza y cuello.
Métodos: Se identificaron 14 trabajos en los que se
habían utilizado fórmulas de inmunonutrición. Dos trabajos
compararon dos tipos de inmunonutrición. Resultados:
En algunos trabajos se observó una disminución en
los días de estancia hospitalaria, aunque la razón para
ello no está clara. Algunos estudios mostraron diferencias
significativas con menos complicaciones en los grupos que
recibieron nutriciones enriquecidas, presentando una
disminución significativa en el número de fístulas en
pacientes tratados con nutriciones con altas dosis de arginina,
si se compara con una nutrición con una dosis media
de arginina.
Conclusión: Los futuros trabajos presentan retos. Es
necesario un ensayo clínico extenso, para poder realizar
recomendaciones firmes sobre el uso de la inmunonutrición
en el postoperatorio de pacientes intervenidos de
cáncer de cabeza y cuell
Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in the management of bronchial stenosis following lung transplantation
SummaryBackgroundBronchial stenosis (BS) is currently found in 7–15% of lung transplantation (LT) recipients. Current treatment strategies have included Nd:Yag laser, cryotherapy, bougie dilatation and stent placement. Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation has been used as alternative treatment in a few cases with controversial results. This is a study to prospectively assess the efficacy of bronchoscopic balloon dilatation as a first step in the management of post-LT BS.MethodsFrom January 1995 to December 2002, bronchoscopic balloon dilatation was evaluated as first therapeutic option in all consecutive LT patients with BS. Symptoms, pulmonary function tests, airway diameter and use of other therapeutic techniques were evaluated.ResultsA total of 10 out of 284 anastomed airways (3.5%) in 9 out of 152 LT patients were included in the study and follow-up lasted from 6 to 81 months. Dilatation of all but one BS met with initial success: increase of both luminal dimensions and forced vital capacity (P=0.01), and relief of symptoms. Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation long-term follow-up showed effective results in 5 out of 10 (50%) bronchial stenoses, after an average of 4 bronchoscopic balloon dilatation procedures (range 1–8). No severe complications were observed. Stent placement was required in the other 5 bronchial stenoses.ConclusionsBronchoscopic balloon dilatation is a safe method that should be considered as first therapeutic treatment of post-LT BS. Its use avoids the need for stent placement in up to 50% of cases
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Kinetics of the Adsorption and Desorption of Hydrogen in Carbon Microfibres
In this study, three types of carbon fibres were used, they were ex-polyacrylonitrile carbon fibres with high bulk modulus, ex-polyacrylonitrile fibres with high strength, and vapour grown carbon fibres. All the samples were subjected to a hydrogen adsorption process at room temperature in an over-pressured atmosphere of 25 bars. The adsorption process was monitored through electrical resistivity measurements. As conditioning of the fibres, a chemical activation by acid etching followed by ¿-ray irradiation with 60Co radioisotopes was performed. The surface energy was deter-mined by means of the sessile drop test. Both conditioning treatments are supplementary; the chemical activation works on the outer surface and the ¿-irradiation works in the bulk material as well. Apparently, the most significant parameter for hydrogen storage is the crystallite size. From this point of view, the mostPeer Reviewe
In the month of the Nobel Prize Awards, we pay tribute to Alfred Nobel and to the recipients of the 2018 Prize in Physiology and Medicine
PCV53 Cost Study of Caregiving for Patients with Chronic Symptomatic Heart Failure in Spain, Insights from the Inoescaro Study
Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes.
Background
The Tropical Andes is the world's most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes.
Methods
We employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis that Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov and H. nouns sp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call of H. mashpi sp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners.
Results
Based on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (i.e., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (i.e., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (i.e., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrected p distance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6-4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call of H. mashpi sp. nov. is acoustically distinct.
Discussion
Our findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that both H. mashpi sp. nov. and H. nouns sp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes-further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures-especially in northwestern Ecuador
Phylogenetic position of “Cochranella” megista (Anura: Centrolenidae) and first records for Ecuador
“Cochranella” megista is an Endangered and rarely encountered species of glass frog that, until now, had been only registered in the Colombian Andes. Here we report this species for the first time in Ecuador, expanding its known distribution ca. 530 km south of its original range. Additionally, we include C. megista in a molecular phylogeny for the first time and unambiguously place the species in the genus Nymphargus, resulting in a new combination. Habitat in both countries is fragmented and is threatened by mining concessions and agriculture
Biological Activity of Extracts from Aromatic Plants as Control Agents against Spoilage Molds Isolated from Sheep Cheese
[EN] The aim of this work was to assess the antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from distilled solid by-products from aromatic plants (Artemisia dracunculus, Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula stoechas, Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana) against 14 fungi strains isolated from sheep cheese and identified at species level using DNA barcoding based on β-tubulin sequence analysis. In addition, capacity of fungi to produce ochratoxin A, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid and sterigmatocystin was analyzed. Of the isolates, 85.7% belonged to Penicillium (P. commune/biforme, P. crustosum) and 14.3% to Aspergillus (A. puulaauensis and A. jensenii), the first time that these Aspergillus species have been found in sheep’s cheese. All P. commune isolates were producers of cyclopiazonic acid, and the two Aspergillus strains produced sterigmatocystin, but the others did not produce any tested mycotoxin. Among the essential oils tested, oregano, savory and tarragon had a significant antifungal activity against all the isolated strains, but no ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity. By contrast, ethanolic extracts showed great potential as antioxidants. The identification of new molds in cheese will help the dairy industry to know more about those molds affecting the sector, and the use of aromatic plants in the control of fungal spoilage could be a suitable alternative to chemical preservatives used in the agri-food industrySIThis research was financially supported by the Spanish National Institute for Agricultural Research and Experimentation (INIA, http://inia.es) by the project RTA2015-00018-C03-0
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