Revenga, Miguel y Patricia Cuenca (ed.). El tiempo de los derechos. Los derechos humanos en el siglo XXI (Madrid: Dykinson, 2015).

Es reseña de: Revenga, Miguel y Patricia Cuenca (ed.). El tiempo de los derechos. Los derechos humanos en el siglo XXI (Madrid: Dykinson, 2015

El concepto de delitos de odio y discurso del odio en el ámbito europeo e internacional

En su intervención Andrés Gascón Cuenca tratará de compartir con los asistentes las definiciones que existen en el ámbito internacional sobre los conceptos de delitos de odio y discurso de odio. Esta tarea es en sí misma controvertida, porque una parte de la doctrina cree que no es necesario definirlos, dado que esto limitaría la protección ofrecida a las víctimas. Si bien la delimitación del concepto delito de odio obtiene una mayor aceptación desde el punto de vista internacional, estando más o menos claros sus elementos básicos, el concepto de discurso del odio, por su mutabilidad, es complicado de determinar puesto que se basa en la ponderación de derechos fundamentales. En este sentido, se construirá una descripción de este concepto extraída de una serie de sentencias del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, que cuenta con una amplia jurisprudencia asentada en este sentido.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

La nueva regulación del discurso del odio en el ordenamiento jurídico español: la modificación del artículo 510 CP.

La modificación practicada en el artículo 510 CP por la Ley Orgánica 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, introduce en el ordenamiento jurídico español una nueva regulación ante el discurso del odio y las diversas formas de manifestación que este puede adoptar. Lo que se pretende en este artículo es analizar desde un punto de vista crítico esta necesaria reforma con el objetivo de valorar si los cambios introducidos vienen a cumplir con los estándares internacionales de protección a los que se obligó nuestro país mediante la ratificación del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (PIDCP), la Convención para la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial (CEDR), la Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos (CEDH), y la legislación con origen en la Unión Europea.  The modification practiced by the Ley Orgánica 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, to the article 510 of the Spanish Criminal Code, introduces into the Spanish Legal System a new set of regulations of Hate Speech behaviors. The purpose of this article is to analyze from a critical point of view this modification, with the objective of assessing if this new ordinance is in line with the international standards of protection that are in force in Spain, such as the ones established by the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention for the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), and the European Union legislation

Current caselaw discrepancies in the protection of national symbols and state representatives between the European Court of Human Rights and Spanish courts: a vicious circle

Abstract: Despite the general consensus about freedom of expression being a basic fundamental right on every democratic society, the debate about its boundaries has never found such a pacific agreement. Thus, the Spanish Penal Code has several articles that punish its abuse that are highly contested, like articles 490.3 and 543 that penalize the offenses directed towards national symbols or State representatives. This being so, this article examines the controversy generated by the application of this articles through the analysis of two judgements issued by the European Court of Human Rights against Spain, and a third one issued by the Spanish Constitutional Court that could follow the same path. This work will be done to describe the clash that exists between the caselaw of these two jurisdictions, in order to critically analyze the approach Spanish courts have to behaviors that criticize national symbols and state representatives

Augmented Perception for Agricultural Robots Navigation

[EN] Producing food in a sustainable way is becoming very challenging today due to the lack of skilled labor, the unaffordable costs of labor when available, and the limited returns for growers as a result of low produce prices demanded by big supermarket chains in contrast to ever-increasing costs of inputs such as fuel, chemicals, seeds, or water. Robotics emerges as a technological advance that can counterweight some of these challenges, mainly in industrialized countries. However, the deployment of autonomous machines in open environments exposed to uncertainty and harsh ambient conditions poses an important defiance to reliability and safety. Consequently, a deep parametrization of the working environment in real time is necessary to achieve autonomous navigation. This article proposes a navigation strategy for guiding a robot along vineyard rows for field monitoring. Given that global positioning cannot be granted permanently in any vineyard, the strategy is based on local perception, and results from fusing three complementary technologies: 3D vision, lidar, and ultrasonics. Several perception-based navigation algorithms were developed between 2015 and 2019. After their comparison in real environments and conditions, results showed that the augmented perception derived from combining these three technologies provides a consistent basis for outlining the intelligent behavior of agricultural robots operating within orchards.This work was supported by the European Union Research and Innovation Programs under Grant N. 737669 and Grant N. 610953. The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was Dr. Oleg Sergiyenko.Rovira Más, F.; Sáiz Rubio, V.; Cuenca-Cuenca, A. (2021). Augmented Perception for Agricultural Robots Navigation. IEEE Sensors Journal. 21(10):11712-11727. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3016081S1171211727211

Sensing Architecture for Terrestrial Crop Monitoring: Harvesting Data as an Asset

[EN] Very often, the root of problems found to produce food sustainably, as well as the origin of many environmental issues, derive from making decisions with unreliable or inexistent data. Datadriven agriculture has emerged as a way to palliate the lack of meaningful information when taking critical steps in the field. However, many decisive parameters still require manual measurements and proximity to the target, which results in the typical undersampling that impedes statistical significance and the application of AI techniques that rely on massive data. To invert this trend, and simultaneously combine crop proximity with massive sampling, a sensing architecture for automating crop scouting from ground vehicles is proposed. At present, there are no clear guidelines of how monitoring vehicles must be configured for optimally tracking crop parameters at high resolution. This paper structures the architecture for such vehicles in four subsystems, examines the most common components for each subsystem, and delves into their interactions for an efficient delivery of high-density field data from initial acquisition to final recommendation. Its main advantages rest on the real time generation of crop maps that blend the global positioning of canopy location, some of their agronomical traits, and the precise monitoring of the ambient conditions surrounding such canopies. As a use case, the envisioned architecture was embodied in an autonomous robot to automatically sort two harvesting zones of a commercial vineyard to produce two wines of dissimilar characteristics. The information contained in the maps delivered by the robot may help growers systematically apply differential harvesting, evidencing the suitability of the proposed architecture for massive monitoring and subsequent data-driven actuation. While many crop parameters still cannot be measured non-invasively, the availability of novel sensors is continually growing; to benefit from them, an efficient and trustable sensing architecture becomes indispensable.This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with grant agreement number 737669 entitled VineScout: Intelligent decisions from vineyard robots.Rovira Más, F.; Saiz Rubio, V.; Cuenca-Cuenca, A. (2021). Sensing Architecture for Terrestrial Crop Monitoring: Harvesting Data as an Asset. Sensors. 21(9):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093114S12421

Epistemic Communities at the Boundaries of Law

“As richly described in the various chapters of this book, we see that clinics can act as a window to the functioning of law and the legal system. Clinics allow students and faculty to see how laws and the legal system are functioning for groups of people who otherwise likely would not be a part of the common experience of professors and their students: poor people generally, migrants and refugees, women and children exploited by trafficking, people with disabilities, ethnic minorities, prisoners, and so on. Legal systems the world over tend to give less care and attention to the problems of the poor and other disempowered groups, and such people usually lack access to well-educated legal advocates to help them fight to make the legal system work for them. Through clinic cases, students and faculty see the day-today lives of people marginalized by the society, see how the law affects and influences their lives, and see how it serves or fails to serve them. For law professors involved in clinical education, such as the authors of this book, heightened awareness of the law’s operation for poor people adds another important perspective to the subjects of their research and work as commentators on the law. Students can also be inspired to select topics for research papers, master or PhD theses by exposure to problems in the law and legal system as it functions for their clients.” (Dall’introduzione

Robotics-based vineyard water potential monitoring at high resolution

[EN] The purpose of this research is deploying a proximal sensing solution using non-invasive and cost-effective sensors onboard an Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) as a feasible way for building high-resolution maps of water potential in vineyards. The final objective is offering growers a practical system to make decisions about water management, especially for arid climatic conditions. The monitoring AGV was entirely developed within this research context, and as a result, it is a machine specifically designed to endure off-road conditions and harsh environments. The autonomous vehicle served as a massive, non-invasive, and on-the-go data collector robotic platform. The sensors used for measuring the relevant field variables were two spectral reflectance sensors (SRS), an infrared radiometer, and an on-board weather sensor. The collected data were displayed on comprehensible grid maps using the Local Tangent Plane (LTP) coordinate system. The proposed model has a coefficient of determination R-2 of 0.69, and results from combining six parameters: the canopy and air temperatures (as the temperature difference), the relative humidity, the altitude difference, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI). The strongest relationships found in this study were between the temperature difference and PRI, with an R-2 of 0.75, and the temperature difference with the leaf water potential with an R-2 of 0.61. The practical use of these high-resolution maps includes irrigation scheduling and harvest zoning for sorting grape quality, with a further use as inputs to complex artificial intelligence algorithms considering larger areas or complementing airborne data. Future improvements to make the models more robust and versatile will entail considering additional variables, locations, or grapevine cultivars, and even other crops grown in vertical trellis systems.This work has been developed under grant agreement N¿737669 of the European Union¿s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, and it has received the support of Symington Family States owners and technicians, whose assistance is deeply appreciated. In particular, the Symington family (Dominic, John, and Charles), and staff members Joana Valente, Artur Moreira, and Pedro Leal da Costa. Likewise, Juan José Peña Suárez and Montano Pérez Teruel from the Universitat Politècnica de València in Spain are greatly thanked for their continuous support. This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 737669) . The opinions expressed reflect only the authors' view. Neither the European Commission, nor the funding agency, nor its services are responsible for any use that may be made of the information that this publication contains.Saiz-Rubio, V.; Rovira Más, F.; Cuenca-Cuenca, A.; Alves, F. (2021). Robotics-based vineyard water potential monitoring at high resolution. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 187:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.10631111218

La negación de los delitos de genocidio en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Europeo de Derechos Humanos a partir de la sentencia Perinçek contra Suiza

Este artículo realiza un estudio pormenorizado de la sentencia Perinçek contra Suiza, en la que el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos decide sobre una serie de discursos en los que se niega la existencia del genocidio armenio. El objetivo principal de este texto es profundizar en las razones esgrimidas en la sentencia para diferenciar este hecho de la negación del Holocausto judío, y desde un punto de vista crítico, valorar los argumentos ofrecidos por el tribunal para fundamentar su sentencia

La protección de los derechos de las personas en situación de dependencia en la Comunidad Valenciana: una evaluación

De acuerdo con el artículo 49. 27a del Estatut d'Autonomia de la Comunitat Valenciana (EACV), la Genera- litat Valenciana tiene competencias exclusivas en la creación y mantenimiento de instituciones públicas de protección, reinserción y rehabilitación dirigidas a personas con discapacidad y otros grupos o sectores necesitados de protección especial. En este sentido, esta contribución tiene por objetivo hacer una evaluación sucinta de cómo se han desarro- llado, implementado y conjugado estas obligaciones (específicamente las que tienen que ver con la dependencia), con las establecidas desde el punto de vista internacional y nacional, para poder identificar posibles distorsiones y sus consecuencias